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ACCELERATE and European Medicines Agency Paediatric Strategy Forum for medicinal product development of checkpoint inhibitors for use in combination therapy in paediatric patients

ADJ. Pearson, C. Rossig, G. Lesa, SJ. Diede, S. Weiner, J. Anderson, J. Gray, B. Geoerger, V. Minard-Colin, LV. Marshall, M. Smith, P. Sondel, M. Bajars, C. Baldazzi, E. Barry, S. Blackman, P. Blanc, R. Capdeville, H. Caron, PD. Cole, JC....

. 2020 ; 127 (-) : 52-66. [pub] 20200124

Language English Country Great Britain

Document type Journal Article

The third multistakeholder Paediatric Strategy Forum organised by ACCELERATE and the European Medicines Agency focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors for use in combination therapy in children and adolescents. As immune checkpoint inhibitors, both as monotherapy and in combinations have shown impressive success in some adult malignancies and early phase trials in children of single agent checkpoint inhibitors have now been completed, it seemed an appropriate time to consider opportunities for paediatric studies of checkpoint inhibitors used in combination. Among paediatric patients, early clinical studies of checkpoint inhibitors used as monotherapy have demonstrated a high rate of activity, including complete responses, in Hodgkin lymphoma and hypermutant paediatric tumours. Activity has been very limited, however, in more common malignancies of childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, apart from tumour mutational burden, no other predictive biomarker for monotherapy activity in paediatric tumours has been identified. Based on these observations, there is collective agreement that there is no scientific rationale for children to be enrolled in new monotherapy trials of additional checkpoint inhibitors with the same mechanism of action of agents already studied (e.g. anti-PD1, anti-PDL1 anti-CTLA-4) unless additional scientific knowledge supporting a different approach becomes available. This shared perspective, based on scientific evidence and supported by paediatric oncology cooperative groups, should inform companies on whether a paediatric development plan is justified. This could then be proposed to regulators through the available regulatory tools. Generally, an academic-industry consensus on the scientific merits of a proposal before submission of a paediatric investigational plan would be of great benefit to determine which studies have the highest probability of generating new insights. There is already a rationale for the evaluation of combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with other agents in paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma and hypermutated tumours in view of the activity shown as single agents. In paediatric tumours where no single agent activity has been observed in multiple clinical trials of anti-PD1, anti-PDL1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents as monotherapy, combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with other treatment modalities should be explored when a scientific rationale indicates that they could be efficacious in paediatric cancers and not because these combinations are being evaluated in adults. Immunotherapy in the form of engineered proteins (e.g. monoclonal antibodies and T cell engaging agents) and cellular products (e.g. CAR T cells) has great therapeutic potential for benefit in paediatric cancer. The major challenge for developing checkpoint inhibitors for paediatric cancers is the lack of neoantigens (based on mutations) and corresponding antigen-specific T cells. Progress critically depends on understanding the immune macroenvironment and microenvironment and the ability of the adaptive immune system to recognise paediatric cancers in the absence of high neoantigen burden. Future clinical studies of checkpoint inhibitors in children need to build upon strong biological hypotheses that take into account the distinctive immunobiology of childhood cancers in comparison to that of checkpoint inhibitor responsive adult cancers.

ACCELERATE Europe

Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé and European Medicines Agency Scientific Advice Working Party and Oncology Working Party Amsterdam the Netherlands

Agencia Espanola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios and European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use Amsterdam the Netherlands

Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco and European Medicines Agency Paediatric Committee Amsterdam the Netherlands

AstraZeneca UK

Autolus UK

Beigene China

BMS USA

Boehringer Ingelheimm Pharma GmbH Germany

Celgene USA

Children's Cause for Cancer Advocacy USA

EMD Serono USA

Food and Drug Administration USA

Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre France

Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada

Imagine for Margo Unite2Cure France

Immunicum AB Sweden

KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg and Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany

Merck and Co Inc Kenilworth NJ USA

National Institutes of Health USA

Novartis Switzerland

Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and European Medicines Agency Paediatric Committee Amsterdam the Netherlands

Paediatric Medicines Office Product Development Scientific Support Department European Medicines Agency Amsterdam the Netherlands

Pfizer USA

Regeneron USA

Roche Switzerland

Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research UK

Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey USA

Sanofi France

Southampton University NHS Trust UK

Syndax Pharmaceuticals USA

Tesaro USA

The University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA

UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health UK

Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen Belgium

University Children´s Hospital Muenster Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Germany

University Hospital Brno and European Medicines Agency Paediatric Committee Amsterdam the Netherlands

University of Chicago USA

University of Minnesota USA

References provided by Crossref.org

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