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Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVID-19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: mechanisms, challenges and perspectives

Y. Sohrabi, JC. Dos Santos, M. Dorenkamp, H. Findeisen, R. Godfrey, MG. Netea, LA. Joosten,

. 2020 ; 9 (12) : e1228. [pub] 20201222

Language English Country Australia

Document type Journal Article, Review

Persistent link   https://www.medvik.cz/link/bmc21001507

COVID-19 is a severe health problem in many countries and has altered day-to-day life in the whole world. This infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and depending on age, sex and health status of the patient, it can present with variety of clinical symptoms such as mild infection, a very severe form or even asymptomatic course of the disease. Similarly to other viruses, innate immune response plays a vital role in protection against COVID-19. However, dysregulation of innate immunity could have a significant influence on the severity of the disease. Despite various efforts, there is no effective vaccine against the disease so far. Recent data have demonstrated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could reduce disease severity and the burden of several infectious diseases in addition to targeting its primary focus tuberculosis. There is growing evidence for the concept of beneficial non-specific boosting of immune responses by BCG or other microbial compounds termed trained immunity, which may protect against COVID-19. In this manuscript, we review data on how the development of innate immune memory due to microbial compounds specifically BCG can result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss possible mechanisms, challenges and perspectives of using innate immunity as an approach to reduce COVID-19 severity.

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$a COVID-19 is a severe health problem in many countries and has altered day-to-day life in the whole world. This infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and depending on age, sex and health status of the patient, it can present with variety of clinical symptoms such as mild infection, a very severe form or even asymptomatic course of the disease. Similarly to other viruses, innate immune response plays a vital role in protection against COVID-19. However, dysregulation of innate immunity could have a significant influence on the severity of the disease. Despite various efforts, there is no effective vaccine against the disease so far. Recent data have demonstrated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could reduce disease severity and the burden of several infectious diseases in addition to targeting its primary focus tuberculosis. There is growing evidence for the concept of beneficial non-specific boosting of immune responses by BCG or other microbial compounds termed trained immunity, which may protect against COVID-19. In this manuscript, we review data on how the development of innate immune memory due to microbial compounds specifically BCG can result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss possible mechanisms, challenges and perspectives of using innate immunity as an approach to reduce COVID-19 severity.
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$a Dos Santos, Jéssica Cristina $u Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI) Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands.
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$a Dorenkamp, Marc $u Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure University Hospital Münster Münster Germany.
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$a Findeisen, Hannes $u Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure University Hospital Münster Münster Germany.
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$a Godfrey, Rinesh $u Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure University Hospital Münster Münster Germany.
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$a Netea, Mihai G $u Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI) Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands. Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) University of Bonn Bonn Germany.
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$a Joosten, Leo Ab $u Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI) Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands. Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade da Polícia Militar (FPM) do Estado de Goiás Goiânia Brazil.
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