Physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that rifabutin can out-balance P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induction by concurrent P-gp inhibition. However, clinical or experimental evidence for this Janus-faced rifabutin effect is missing. Consequently, LS180 cells were exposed to a moderately (2 μM) and strongly (10 μM) P-gp-inducing concentration of rifampicin or rifabutin for 6 days. Cellular accumulation of the fluorescent P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 was evaluated using flow cytometry, either without (induction only) or with adding rifamycin drug to the cells during the rhodamine 123 efflux phase (induction + potential inhibition). Rhodamine 123 accumulation was decreased similarly by both drugs after 6-day exposure (2 μM: 55% residual fluorescence compared to non-induced cells, P < 0.01; 10 μM: 30% residual fluorescence compared to non-induced cells, P < 0.001), indicating P-gp induction. Rhodamine 123 influx transporters mRNA expressions were not affected, excluding off-target effects. Acute re-exposure to rifabutin, however, considerably re-increased rhodamine 123 accumulation (2 μM induction: re-increase by 55%, P < 0.01; 10 μM induction: 49% re-increase, P < 0.001), suggesting P-gp inhibition. In contrast, rifampicin only had weak effects (2 μM induction: no re-increase; 10 μM induction: 16% re-increase; P < 0.05). Molecular docking analysis eventually revealed that rifabutin has a higher binding affinity to the inhibitor binding site of P-gp than rifampicin (ΔG (kcal/mol) = -11.5 vs -5.3). Together, this study demonstrates that rifabutin can at least partly mask P-gp induction by P-gp inhibition, mediated by high affinity binding to the inhibitory site of P-gp.

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co KG Birkendorfer Str 65 88397 Biberach an der Riss Germany

Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology Heidelberg University Hospital Im Neuenheimer Feld 410 69120 Heidelberg Germany

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Charles University Prague Heyrovskeho 1203 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

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