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Dissipation of sarin, soman, and sulfur mustard from various types of crushed concrete
T. Rozsypal, V. Finger, J. Pejchal, L. Mravcová, J. Opravil, J. Štoller
Status not-indexed Language English Country Netherlands
Document type Journal Article
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
The behavior of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) on urban materials, such as concrete, significantly impacts forensic and military responses to chemical incidents. This study examined the persistence and degradation mechanisms of sarin (GB), soman (GD), and sulfur mustard (HD) on three types of commonly used concrete with varying water-cement ratios. Over two months, we evaluated the effects of concrete composition, temperature, and fragment size on CWA behavior. Half-lives and activation energies for CWA dissipation were calculated under various conditions. Results showed that concrete properties and external temperature strongly influenced dissipation rates. G-series agents underwent rapid hydrolysis, forming methylphosphonates, while HD degradation involved elimination, nucleophilic substitution, and oxidation, producing several previously unreported byproducts. Smaller concrete fragments increased recovery values and accelerated degradation due to greater surface area exposure, and higher temperatures further enhanced dissipation rates, particularly for volatile agents. Differences in dissipation among concrete types were linked to their physical and chemical properties, notably water-cement ratios. This study highlights the challenges of detecting CWAs due to their rapid penetration and transformation in concrete and provides insights for improving sampling, identification, and decontamination strategies under realistic conditions.
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- $a Rozsypal, Tomáš $u Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vita Nejedleho 1, Vyskov 68201, Czech Republic. Electronic address: tomas.rozsypal@unob.cz
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- $a Dissipation of sarin, soman, and sulfur mustard from various types of crushed concrete / $c T. Rozsypal, V. Finger, J. Pejchal, L. Mravcová, J. Opravil, J. Štoller
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- $a The behavior of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) on urban materials, such as concrete, significantly impacts forensic and military responses to chemical incidents. This study examined the persistence and degradation mechanisms of sarin (GB), soman (GD), and sulfur mustard (HD) on three types of commonly used concrete with varying water-cement ratios. Over two months, we evaluated the effects of concrete composition, temperature, and fragment size on CWA behavior. Half-lives and activation energies for CWA dissipation were calculated under various conditions. Results showed that concrete properties and external temperature strongly influenced dissipation rates. G-series agents underwent rapid hydrolysis, forming methylphosphonates, while HD degradation involved elimination, nucleophilic substitution, and oxidation, producing several previously unreported byproducts. Smaller concrete fragments increased recovery values and accelerated degradation due to greater surface area exposure, and higher temperatures further enhanced dissipation rates, particularly for volatile agents. Differences in dissipation among concrete types were linked to their physical and chemical properties, notably water-cement ratios. This study highlights the challenges of detecting CWAs due to their rapid penetration and transformation in concrete and provides insights for improving sampling, identification, and decontamination strategies under realistic conditions.
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- $a Finger, Vladimír $u Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vladimir.finger@fnhk.cz
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- $a Pejchal, Jaroslav $u Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jaroslav.pejchal@unob.cz
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- $a Mravcová, Ludmila $u Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Technology, Purkynova 464, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic. Electronic address: mravcova@fch.vut.cz
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- $a Opravil, Jakub $u Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jakub.opravil@unob.cz
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- $a Štoller, Jiří $u Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, Brno 662 10, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jiri.stoller@unob.cz
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