MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs 18-25 nucleotides in length that downregulate gene expression during various crucial cell processes such as apoptosis, differentiation and development. Changes in the expression profiles of miRNAs have been observed in a variety of human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Functional studies indicate that miRNAs act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These findings significantly extend Vogelstein's model of CRC pathogenesis and have shown great potential for miRNAs as a novel class of therapeutic targets. Several investigations have also described the ability of miRNA expression profiles to predict prognosis and response to selected treatments in CRC patients, and support diagnosis of CRC among cancer of unknown primary site. miRNAs' occurrence has been repeatedly observed also in serum and plasma, and miRNAs as novel minimally invasive biomarkers have indicated reasonable sensitivity for CRC detection and compare favorably with the fecal occult blood test. In this review, we summarize the knowledge regarding miRNAs' functioning in CRC while emphasizing their significance in pathogenetic signaling pathways and their potential to serve as disease biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.

Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care Brno Czech Republic

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An Independent Validation Study of Candidate microRNAs as Predictive Biomarkers for Bevacizumab-based Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Analysis of MicroRNA Expression Changes During the Course of Therapy In Rectal Cancer Patients

MiR-215-5p is a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer targeting EGFR ligand epiregulin and its transcriptional inducer HOXB9

Contribution of in vitro comparison of colorectal carcinoma cells from primary and metastatic lesions to elucidation of mechanisms of tumor progression and response to anticancer therapy

MiR-210 expression in tumor tissue and in vitro effects of its silencing in renal cell carcinoma

MicroRNA expression profile associated with response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer patients

Identification and functional screening of microRNAs highly deregulated in colorectal cancer

Clinical correlations of miR-21 expression in colorectal cancer patients and effects of its inhibition on DLD1 colon cancer cells

Evaluation of SNPs in miR-196-a2, miR-27a and miR-146a as risk factors of colorectal cancer

Novel classes of non-coding RNAs and cancer

Circulating miR-378 and miR-451 in serum are potential biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma

Genetic polymorphisms and microRNAs: new direction in molecular epidemiology of solid cancer

Expression of miRNA-106b in conventional renal cell carcinoma is a potential marker for prediction of early metastasis after nephrectomy