BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adventitious sprouting from the hypocotyle and roots in monocarpic herbs has been confirmed in previous experimental studies as a means to avoid bud limitation after severe injury in annual and biennial plants. Data regarding the role of adventitious sprouting in natural populations, however, were lacking. The aim of the present study was to assess whether adventitious sprouting occurs in natural populations and how it is affected by plant size, plant injury, plant cover and environmental characteristics. METHODS: Data were sampled from 14 037 individual plants from 389 populations belonging to 22 annual and biennial species. Growth parameters were measured in individual plants, species composition and plant cover in communities were evaluated, and environmental characteristics were estimated using Ellenberg indicator values. KEY RESULTS: It was confirmed that adventitious sprouting occurs in natural populations of all but five species examined. Adventitious sprouting was positively affected by plant size and plant injury. Environmental factors including availability of soil nitrogen were not shown to affect adventitious sprouting. Annual and biennial plants did not differ in sprouting, but upright annuals had a lower number of and longer adventitious shoots than prostrate annuals. CONCLUSIONS: Adventitious bud formation is used to overcome meristem limitation when stem parts are lost due to injury, and thus resprouting in short-lived monocarps should not be overlooked.

Institute of Botany ASCR Dukelská 135 Trebon Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aarssen LW. Hypotheses for the evolution of apical dominance in plants: implications for the interpretation of overcompensation. Oikos. 1995;74:149–156.

Beijerinck MW. Wurzelknospen und Nebenwurzeln. Verhanelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. 1887;25/3:1–150.

Bellingham PJ, Sparrow AD. Resprouting as a life history strategy in plant communities. Oikos. 2000;98:409–416.

Benner BL. Effect of apex removal and nutrient supplementation on branching and seed production in Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae) American Journal of Botany. 1988;75:645–651. PubMed

Boege K, Marquis RJ. Facing herbivory as you grow up: the ontogeny of resistance in plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2005;20:441–448. PubMed

Bonser SP, Aarssen LW. Meristem allocation: a new classification theory for adaptive strategies in herbaceous plants. Oikos. 1996;77:347–352.

Buhk C, Meyn A, Jentsch A. The challenge of plant regeneration after fire in the Mediterranean Basin: scientific gaps in our knowledge on plant strategies and evolution of traits. Plant Ecology. 2007;192:1–19.

Chiariello N, Roughgarden J. Storage allocation in seasonal races of an annual plant: optimal versus actual allocation. Ecology. 1984;65:1290–1301.

Clark DD, Burk JH. Resource allocation patterns of two California-Sonoran desert ephemerals. Oecologia. 1980;46:86–91. PubMed

Clarke PJ, Knox KJE, Wills KE, Campbell M. Landscape patterns of woody plant response to crown fire: disturbance and productivity influence sprouting ability. Journal of Ecology. 2005;93:544–555.

Dina SJ, Klikoff LG. Carbohydrate cycle of Plantago insularis var. fastigiata, a winter annual from the Sonoran desert. Botanical Gazette. 1974;135:13–18.

Duffy NM, Bonser SP, Aarssen LW. Patterns of variation in meristem allocation across genotypes and species in monocarpic Brassicaceae. Oikos. 1999;84:284–292.

Desdevises Y, Legendre P, Azouzi L, Morand S. Quantifying phylogenetically-structured environmental variation. Evolution. 2003;57:2647–2652. PubMed

Eggers V. Influence of carbohydrate and nitrate-nitrogen nutrition on development of hypocotydonary buds in flax. Botanical Gazette. 1946;107:385–390.

Ellenberg H. Vegetation ecology of central Europe. 4th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1986.

Ferraro DO, Oesterheld M. Effect of defoliation on grass growth. A quantitative review. Oikos. 2002;98:125–133.

Grime JP. Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties. 2001 Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Hellström K, Rautio P, Huhta AP, Tuomi J. Tolerance of an annual hemiparasite, Euphrasia stricta agg., to simulated grazing in relation to the host environment. Flora. 2004;199:247–255.

Holm S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 1979;6:65–70.

Holm T. On the development of buds upon roots and leaves. Annals of Botany. 1925;39:867–881.

Huhta AP, Hellström K, Rautio P, Tuomi J. A test of the compensatory continuum: fertilization increases and below-ground competition decreases the grazing tolerance of tall wormseed mustard (Erysimum strictum) Evolutionary Ecology. 2000a;14:353–372.

Huhta AP, Lennartsson T, Tuomi J, Rautio P, Laine K. Tolerance of Gentianella campestris in relation to damage intensity: an interplay between apical dominance and herbivory. Evolutionary Ecology. 2000b;14:373–392.

Huhta AP, Tuomi J, Rautio P. Cost of apical dominance in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum and Rhinanthus minor. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2000c;78:591–599.

Huhta AP, Hellström K, Rautio P, Tuomi J. Grazing tolerance of Gentianella amarella and other monocarpic herbs: why is tolerance highest at low damage levels? Plant Ecology. 2003;166:49–61.

Iwasa Y, Kubo T. Optimal size of storage for recovery after unpredictable disturbances. Evolutionary Ecology. 1997;11:41–65.

King GE, Eckhart MV, Mohl CE. Magnitudes and mechanism of shoot-damage compensation in annual species of Linum (Linaceae) in Iowa. American Midland Naturalist. 2008;159:200–213.

Klimeš L, Klimešová J. Root sprouting in Rumex acetosella under different nutrient levels. Plant Ecology. 1999;141:33–39.

Klimešová J. Monokarpické rostliny schopné přežít silnou disturbanci (Monocarpic plants surviving severe disturbance) Zprávy České Botanické Společnosti, Praha, 38, Materiály. 2003;19:37–48.

Klimešová J, de Bello F. CLO-PLA: the database of clonal and bud bank traits of Central European flora. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2009;20:511–516.

Klimešová J, Klimeš L. Resprouting of herbs in disturbed habitats: it is adequately described by Bellingham-Sparow's model? Oikos. 2003;103:225–229.

Klimešová J, Klimeš L. CLO-PLA3–the database of clonal and bud bank traits of Central European flora. 2006 http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz . PubMed

Klimešová J, Klimeš L. Bud banks and their role in vegetative regeneration–a literature review and proposal for simple classification and assessment. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics. 2007;8:115–129.

Klimešová J, Martínková J. Intermediate growth forms as a model for the study of plants clonality functioning: an example with root sprouters. Evolutionary Ecology. 2004;18:669–681.

Klimešová J, Sosnová M, Martínková J. Life-history variation in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris: effects of germination date and injury timing. Plant Ecology. 2007;189:237–246.

Klimešová J, Kociánová A, Martínková J. Weeds that can do both tricks: vegetative versus generative regeneration of short-lived root-sprouting herbs Rorippa palustris and Barbarea vulgaris. Weed Research. 2008;48:131–135.

Klimešová J, Pokorná A, Klimeš L. Establishment growth and bud bank formation in Epilobium angustifolium: the effects of nutrient availability, plant injury and environmental heterogeneity. Botany. 2009;87:195–201.

Knox KJE, Clarke PJ. Nutrient availability induces contrasting allocation and starch formation in resprouting and obligate seeding shrubs. Functional Ecology. 2005;19:690–698.

Krumbiegel A. Growth forms of annual vascular plants in central Europe. Nordic Journal of Botany. 1998;18:563–576.

Krumbiegel A. Growth forms of biennial and pluriennial vascular plants in central Europe. Nordic Journal of Botany. 1999;19:217–226.

Latzel V, Klimešová J. Fitness of resprouters versus seeders in relation to nutrient availability in two Plantago species. Acta Oecologica. 2009;35:541–547.

Latzel V, Dospělová L, Klimešová J. Annuals sprouting adventitiously from the hypocotyl: their compensatory growth and implications for weed management. Biológia. 2009;64:923–929.

Lennartsson T, Tuomi J, Nilsson P. Evidence for an evolutionary history of overcompensation in the grassland biennial Gentianella campestris (Gentianaceae) American Naturalist. 1997;149:1147–1155. PubMed

Lennartsson T, Nilsson P, Tuomi J. Induction of overcompensation in the field gentian, Gentianella campestris. Ecology. 1998;79:1061–1072.

Link GKK, Eggers V. Mode, site and time of initiation of hypocotyledonary bud primordia in Linum ussitatissimum. Botanical Gazette. 1946;107:441–454.

van der Maarel E. Transformation of cover-abundance values for appropriate numerical treatment–Alternatives to the proposals by Podani. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2007;18:767–770.

MacDonald MA, Cavers PB. Cauline rosettes–an asexual means of reproduction and dispersal occurring after seed formation in Barbarea vulgaris (yellow rocket) Canadian Journal of Botany. 1974;52:913–918.

Martínková J, Klimešová J, Mihulka S. Resprouting after disturbance: an experimental study with short-lived monocarpic herbs. Folia Geobotanica. 2004a;39:1–12.

Martínková J, Kočvarová M, Klimešová J. Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles. Acta Oecologica. 2004b;25:143–150.

Martínková J, Klimešová J, Mihulka S. Vegetative regeneration of biennial Oenothera species after a disturbance: field observations and an experimental study. Flora. 2006;201:287–297.

Martínková J, Klimešová J, Mihulka S. Compensation of seed production after severe injury in the short-lived herb Barbarea vulgaris. Basic Applied Ecology. 2008;9:44–54.

McPhee CS, Bonser SP, Aarssen LW. The role of apical dominance in the interpretation of adaptive architecture in prostrate plant species. Ecoscience. 1997;4:490–500.

Midgley JJ. Why the world's vegetation is not totally dominated by resprouting plants; because resprouters are shorter than reseeders. Ecography. 1996;19:92–95.

Otzen D. Life forms of three Senecio species in relation to accumulation and utilization of non-structural carbohydrates. Acta Botanica Neerlandica. 1977;26:401–409.

Paige KN. Regrowth following ungulate herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: geographic evidence for overcompensation. Oecologia. 1999;118:316–323. PubMed

Penzig O. Pflanzen Teratologie. 2nd edn. Berlin: Verlag von Gebrüder Borntraeger; 1921–1922.

Piippo S, Huhta AP, Rautio P, Tuomi J. Resource availability at the rosette stage and apical dominance in the strictly biennial Erysimum strictum (Brassicaceae) Canadian Journal of Botany. 2005;83:405–412.

Piippo S, Hellstrom K, Huhta AP, Rautio P, Tuomi J. Delayed flowering as a potential benefit-decreasing cost of compensatory regrowth. Botany. 2009;87:837–844.

R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2008. http://www.R-project.org .

Rauh W. Die Bildung von Hypocotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung fur die Wuchsformen der Phlanzen. Nova Acta Leopoldiana. 1937;4/24:395–553.

Rautio P, Huhta AP, Piippo S, et al. Overcompensation and adaptive plasticity of apical dominance in Erysimum strictum (Brassicaceae) in response to simulated browsing and resource availability. Oikos. 2005;111:179–191.

Reichardt HW. Beiträge zur Kentniss hypokotylischer Adventivknospen und Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Dikotylen. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien. 1857;7:235–244.

Sosnová M, Klimešová J. Storage of carbon in relation to life history mode and resprouting ability in short-lived root-sprouter Rorippa palustris. Acta Oecologica. 2009;5:691–697.

Stearns SC. The evolution of life histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992.

Vilela A, Cariaga R, Gonzalez-Paleo L, Ravetta D. Trade-offs between reproductive allocation and storage in species of Oenothera L. (Onagraceae) native to Argentina. Acta Oecologica. 2008;33:85–92.

Wise MJ, Abrahamson WG. Effects of resource availability on tolerance of herbivory: a review and assessment of three opposing models. American Naturalist. 2007;169:443–454. PubMed

Wittrock VB. Ueber Wurzelsprossen bei krautigarten Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Botanisches Centralblatt. 1884;17/8:227–232. 17/9: 257–264.

Wydler H. Über subcotyledonare Sprossbildung. Flora. 1850;8/22:337–338.

Potential bud bank responses to apical meristem damage and environmental variables: matching or complementing axillary meristems?