In most temperate fruit trees, fruits are located on one-year old shoots. In Prunus species, flowers and fruits are born in axillary position along those shoots. The axillary bud fate and branching patterns are thus key components of the cultivar potential fruit production. The objective of this study was to analyze the branching and bearing behaviors of 1-year-old shoots of apricot cultivars and clones genetically closely related. Shoot structures were analyzed in terms of axillary bud fates using hidden semi-Markov chains and compared depending on the genotype, year and shoot length. The shoots were composed of three successive zones containing latent buds (basal zone), central flower buds (median zone) and vegetative buds (distal zone), respectively. The last two zones contained few associated flower buds. The zones length (in number of metamers) and occurrence strongly depended on shoot development in the two successive years. With decrease in the number of metamers per shoot, the last two zones become shorter or may not develop. While the number of metamers of the basal and distal zones and the number of associated flower buds correlated to the number of metamers of the shoot, the number of metamers of the median zone and the transition probability from the median to the distal zone were cultivar specific.
Rheophytism is extremely rare in the Utricularia genus (there are four strictly rheophytic species out of a total of about 260). Utricularia neottioides is an aquatic rheophytic species exclusively growing attached to bedrocks in the South American streams. Utricularia neottioides was considered to be trap-free by some authors, suggesting that it had given up carnivory due to its specific habitat. Our aim was to compare the anatomy of rheophytic U. neottioides with an aquatic Utricularia species with a typical linear monomorphic shoot from the section Utricularia, U. reflexa, which grows in standing or very slowly streaming African waters. Additionally, we compared the immunodetection of cell wall components of both species. Light microscopy, histochemistry, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were used to address our aims. In U. neottioides, two organ systems can be distinguished: organs (stolons, inflorescence stalk) which possess sclerenchyma and are thus resistant to water currents, and organs without sclerenchyma (leaf-like shoots), which are submissive to the water streaming/movement. Due to life in the turbulent habitat, U. neottioides evolved specific characters including an anchor system with stolons, which have asymmetric structures, sclerenchyma and they form adhesive trichomes on the ventral side. This anchor stolon system performs additional multiple functions including photosynthesis, nutrient storage, vegetative reproduction. In contrast with typical aquatic Utricularia species from the section Utricularia growing in standing waters, U. neottioides stems have a well-developed sclerenchyma system lacking large gas spaces. Plants produce numerous traps, so they should still be treated as a fully carnivorous plant.
KEY MESSAGE: The current evidence of regulatory effect of smoke-water (SW) and karrikinolide (KAR(1)) on the concentrations of endogenous cytokinins in plants partly explain the basis for their growth stimulatory activity. Karrikinolide (KAR1) which is derived from smoke-water (SW) is involved in some physiological aspects in the life-cycle of plants. This suggests a potential influence on the endogenous pool (quantity and quality) of phytohormones such as cytokinins (CKs). In the current study, the effect of SW (1:500; 1:1000; 1:1500 v/v dilutions) and KAR1 (10(-7); 10(-8); 10(-9) M) applied during micropropagation of Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis on the ex vitro growth and CKs after 4 months post-flask duration was evaluated. The interactions of SW and KAR(1) with benzyladenine (BA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or BA+NAA were also assessed. Plants treated with SW (1:500) and KAR1 (10(-8) M) demonstrated superior growth in terms of the rooting, leaf and bulb sizes and fresh biomass than the control and plants treated with BA and BA+NAA. However, plant growth was generally inhibited with either SW (1:500) or KAR1 (10(-8) M) and BA when compared to BA (alone) treatment. Relative to NAA treatment, the presence of KAR(1) (10(-7) M) with NAA significantly increased the leaf area and fresh biomass. Both SW and KAR1-treated plants accumulated more total CKs, mainly isoprenoid-type than the control and NAA-treated plants. The highest CK content was also accumulated in SW (1:500) with BA+NAA treatments. Similar stimulatory effects were observed with increasing concentrations of KAR(1) and BA. The current findings establish that SW and KAR1 exert significant influence on the endogenous CK pools. However, the better growth of plants treated with SW and KAR1 treatments was not exclusively related to the endogenous CKs.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace * MeSH
- Asparagaceae fyziologie růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- cytokininy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- furany farmakologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- kouř MeSH
- kyseliny naftalenoctové metabolismus MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lipnicovité MeSH
- listy rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- pyrany farmakologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin analýza metabolismus MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones regulating plant growth and development as well as response to the environment. In order to evaluate their function in heat stress (HS) responses, the effect of CK elevation was determined during three types of HS - targeted to shoots, targeted to roots and applied to the whole plant. The early (30min) and longer term (3h) responses were followed at the hormonal, transcriptomic and proteomic levels in Arabidopsis transformants with dexamethasone-inducible expression of the CK biosynthetic gene isopentenyltransferase (ipt) and the corresponding wild-type (Col-0). Combination of hormonal and phenotypic analyses showed transient up-regulation of the CK/abscisic acid ratio, which controls stomatal aperture, to be more pronounced in the transformant. HS responses of the root proteome and Rubisco-immunodepleted leaf proteome were followed using 2-D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF. More than 100 HS-responsive proteins were detected, most of them being modulated by CK increase. Proteome and transcriptome analyses demonstrated that CKs have longer term positive effects on the stress-related proteins and transcripts, as well as on the photosynthesis-related ones. Transient accumulation of CKs and stimulation of their signal transduction in tissue(s) not exposed to HS indicate that they are involved in plant stress responses.
- MeSH
- alkyltransferasy a aryltransferasy fyziologie MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- cytokininy fyziologie MeSH
- dexamethason farmakologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- kyselina abscisová fyziologie MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- reakce na tepelný šok fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- výhonky rostlin metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The efficiency of inorganic nitrogen (N) assimilation is a critical component of fertilizer use by plants and of forage production in Lolium perenne, an important pasture species worldwide. We present a spatiotemporal description of nitrate use efficiency in terms of metabolic responses and carbohydrate remobilization, together with components of cytokinin signal transduction following nitrate addition to N-impoverished plants. Perennial ryegrass (L. perenne cv. Grasslands Nui) plants were grown for 10 weeks in unfertilized soil and then treated with nitrate (5 mM) hydroponically. Metabolomic analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed a dynamic interaction between N and carbon metabolism over a week-long time course represented by the relative abundance of amino acids, tricarboxylic acid intermediates and stored water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs). The initial response to N addition was characterized by a rapid remobilization of carbon stores from the low-molecular weight WSC, along with an increase in N content and assimilation into free amino acids. Subsequently, the shoot became the main source of carbon through remobilization of a large pool of high-molecular weight WSC. Associated quantification of cytokinin levels and expression profiling of putative cytokinin response regulator genes by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction support a role for cytokinin in the mediation of the response to N addition in perennial ryegrass. The presence of high levels of cis-zeatin-type cytokinins is discussed in the context of hormonal homeostasis under the stress of steady-state N deficiency.
- MeSH
- biologický transport MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus MeSH
- dusičnany metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- hydroponie MeSH
- jílek účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- metabolomika MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- zeatin metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- kořeny rostlin anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- květy anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- Magnoliopsida anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- meristém anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Plant cells are totipotent and competent to regenerate from differentiated organs. It has been shown that two phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, play critical roles within this process. As in animals, the regenerative capacity declines with age in plants, but the molecular basis for this phenomenon remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that an age-regulated microRNA, miR156, regulates shoot regenerative capacity. As a plant ages, the gradual increase in miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors leads to the progressive decline in shoot regenerative capacity. In old plants, SPL reduces shoot regenerative capacity by attenuating the cytokinin response through binding with the B-type ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs, which encode the transcriptional activators in the cytokinin signaling pathway. Consistently, the increased amount of exogenous cytokinin complements the reduced shoot regenerative capacity in old plants. Therefore, the recruitment of age cues in response to cytokinin contributes to shoot regenerative competence.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika fyziologie MeSH
- cytokininy farmakologie MeSH
- mikro RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regenerace genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- tabák genetika fyziologie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Silene vulgaris possesses ecotype-specific tolerance to high levels of copper in the soil. Although this was reported a few decades ago, little is known about this trait on a molecular level. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcription response to elevated copper concentrations in two S. vulgaris ecotypes originating from copper-contrasting soil types - copper-tolerant Lubietova and copper-sensitive Stranska skala. To reveal if plants are transcriptionally affected, we first analyzed the HMA7 gene, a known key player in copper metabolism. Based on BAC library screening, we identified a BAC clone containing a SvHMA7 sequence with all the structural properties specific for plant copper-transporting ATPases. The functionality of the gene was tested using heterologous complementation in yeast mutants. Analyses of SvHMA7 transcription patterns showed that both ecotypes studied up-regulated SvHMA7 transcription after the copper treatment. Our data are supported by analysis of appropriate reference genes based on RNA-Seq databases. To identify genes specifically involved in copper response in the studied ecotypes, we analyzed transcription profiles of genes coding Cu-transporting proteins and genes involved in the prevention of copper-induced oxidative stress in both ecotypes. Our data show that three genes (APx, POD and COPT5) differ in their transcription pattern between the ecotypes with constitutively increased transcription in Lubietova. Taken together, we have identified transcription differences between metallifferous and non-metalliferous ecotypes of S. vulgaris, and we have suggested candidate genes participating in metal tolerance in this species.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfatasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- databáze nukleových kyselin MeSH
- ekotyp MeSH
- genová knihovna MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- měď metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- proteiny přenášející kationty genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- RNA rostlin chemie genetika MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
- Silene účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasiveness of some alien plants is associated with their traits, plastic responses to environmental conditions and interpopulation differentiation. To obtain insights into the role of these processes in contributing to variation in performance, we compared congeneric species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) with different origin and invasion status that occur in central Europe. METHODS: Native I. noli-tangere and three alien species (highly invasive I. glandulifera, less invasive I. parviflora and potentially invasive I. capensis) were studied and their responses to simulated canopy shading and different nutrient and moisture levels were determined in terms of survival and seedling traits. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Impatiens glandulifera produced high biomass in all the treatments and the control, exhibiting the 'Jack-and-master' strategy that makes it a strong competitor from germination onwards. The results suggest that plasticity and differentiation occurred in all the species tested and that along the continuum from plasticity to differentiation, the species at the plasticity end is the better invader. The most invasive species I. glandulifera appears to be highly plastic, whereas the other two less invasive species, I. parviflora and I. capensis, exhibited lower plasticity but rather strong population differentiation. The invasive Impatiens species were taller and exhibited higher plasticity and differentiation than native I. noli-tangere. This suggests that even within one genus, the relative importance of the phenomena contributing to invasiveness appears to be species' specific.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
- Impatiens genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- semenáček genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- stonky rostlin genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- záplavy MeSH
- zavlečené druhy * MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The dynamics of a long-term cold acclimation (CA) was studied in spring barley cultivar Atlas 68, winter barley cultivar Igri and a set of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from an Atlas 68xIgri cross. The aim was to evaluate the effect of plant development on the ability to induce frost tolerance (FT) and to accumulate dehydrin 5 (DHN5) during CA. The plant developmental stage was evaluated by phenological development of the shoot apex and by determination of days to heading after a certain period of CA. FT was determined by direct frost tests. Plant winter survival was also determined. DHN5 was evaluated by densitometric analysis of protein gel blots. Cold led to the induction of increased FT and to the accumulation of DHN5 in both spring and winter lines. However, with the progression of CA, differences between the growth habits occurred as the winter lines were able to maintain increased FT and DHN5 levels for a significantly longer period of time than the spring lines. After vegetative/reproductive transition, a significant decrease in DHN5 accumulation was found in all lines; however, a discrepancy between the acquired FT level and DHN5 accumulation in vernalized winter barley plants was found. A correlation between DHN5 accumulation and plant winter survival was found when the studied lines were differentiated according to their developmental stage and DHN5 level. Possible explanations for these phenomena are provided.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- chov MeSH
- haploidie MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- výhonky rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- zmrazování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
