This study summarizes the response of cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa HKAR-19 under simulated light conditions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), PAR+UV-A (PA), and PAR+UV-A+UV-B (PAB). Exposure to UV radiation caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and total protein. In contrast, total carotene content increased significantly (P < 0.05) under PA and PAB with increasing irradiation time. The photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II also decreased significantly in PA and PAB radiation. We have also recorded a decrease in the fluorescence emission intensity of phycocyanin under PA and PAB exposure. The phycocyanin fluorescence shifted towards shorter wavelengths (blue-shift) after 72 h of PA and PAB exposure. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased significantly in PA and PAB. Fluorescence microscopic images showed an increase in green fluorescence, indicating ROS generation in UV radiation. We have also quantified ROS generation using green and red fluorescence ratio represented as G/R ratio. A 2-6-fold increase in antioxidative enzymes activity was observed to overcome the damaging effects caused by UV stress as compared to untreated control cultures. The lipid peroxidation was assessed in terms of malondialdehyde content which increases significantly (P < 0.05) as the duration of exposure increases. These results suggest that a combined effect of PAR, UV-A, and UV-B was more deleterious than an individual one.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia * metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl a metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl * metabolismus MeSH
- fotosyntéza * účinky záření MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex metabolismus MeSH
- fykokyanin * metabolismus MeSH
- karotenoidy metabolismus MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky záření MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku * metabolismus MeSH
- Spirulina * účinky záření metabolismus MeSH
- ultrafialové záření * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The genomes of many plants, animals, and fungi frequently comprise dispensable B chromosomes that rely upon various chromosomal drive mechanisms to counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be purged over time. The B chromosome of rye - a model system for nearly a century - undergoes targeted nondisjunction during first pollen mitosis, favouring segregation into the generative nucleus, thus increasing their numbers over generations. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, using a newly-assembled, ~430 Mb-long rye B chromosome pseudomolecule, we identify five candidate genes whose role as trans-acting moderators of the chromosomal drive is supported by karyotyping, chromosome drive analysis and comparative RNA-seq. Among them, we identify DCR28, coding a microtubule-associated protein related to cell division, and detect this gene also in the B chromosome of Aegilops speltoides. The DCR28 gene family is neo-functionalised and serially-duplicated with 15 B chromosome-located copies that are uniquely highly expressed in the first pollen mitosis of rye.
- MeSH
- Aegilops genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin * genetika MeSH
- karyotypizace MeSH
- mitóza * genetika MeSH
- nondisjunkce genetická MeSH
- pyl genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- žito * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The castor plant (Ricinus communis) is primarily known for its seeds, which contain a unique fatty acid called ricinoleic acid with several industrial and commercial applications. Castor seeds also contain ricin, a toxin considered a chemical and biological warfare agent. Despite years of investigation, there is still no effective antidote or vaccine available. However, some progress has been made, and the development of an effective treatment may be on the horizon. To provide an updated overview of this issue, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on the current state of research in the fight against ricin. This review is based on the reported research and aims to address the challenges faced by researchers, as well as highlight the most successful cases achieved thus far. Our goal is to encourage the scientific community to continue their efforts in this critical search.
- MeSH
- antidota * chemie farmakologie MeSH
- chemické bojové látky chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ricin * antagonisté a inhibitory chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Celiakie (celiakální sprue, glutenová enteropatie) je celoživotní autoimunitní onemocnění, vyvolané nesnášenlivostí glutenu. V rámci dia- gnostiky je doporučen tzv. cílený screening u osob se symptomy, které mají souvislost s touto chorobou. Prvními provedenými sérologickými testy v rámci tohoto screeningu by mělo být dle aktuálních doporučení ESPGHAN stanovení celkové koncentrace IgA a stanovení koncentrace protilátek proti tkáňové transglutamináze (anti tTGA) ve třídě IgA. Cílem práce bylo zhodnotit efektivitu těchto vyšetření u dětských pacientů s ohledem na jejich věk a zdokumentovat, které symptomy u pacientů s pozitivní anti tTGA převažují. V souboru 4 104 pacientů ve věku 1–18 let, kteří byli vyšetřeni v období od 5/ 2021 do 5/2023, byl zjištěn pozitivní výsledek u 56 z nich (1,36 %). U 29 pacientů se jednalo o nově diagnostikovanou celiakii, 20 pacientů splňovalo kritéria pro cílený screening, 9 pacientů bylo v kontextu celiakie asymptomatických. Z příznaků převažovaly extraintestinální obtíže nad obtížemi gastrointestinálními. Otázkou zůstává, zda tyto sérologické testy provádět nezávisle na věku dítěte. V uvedeném časovém období jsme nezjistili pozitivní hodnotu anti tTGA IgA u žádného z 345 vyšetřených dětí do věku dvou let. Z našich výsledků vyplývá doporučení řídit se pro stanovení spodní věkové hranice pro provedení anti tTGA IgA individuálně u každého pacienta dobou, kdy došlo k zařazení glutenu do stravy.
Coeliac disease (coeliac sprue, gluten enteropathy) is a lifelong autoimmune disease caused by gluten intolerance. As part of the diagnosis, so- -called targeted screening is recommended for people having symptoms relating to the disease. Based on current ESPGHAN recommendations, the initial screening serological tests are total IgA levels and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTGA) IgA. The aim of the study was the evaluation of effectiveness of these examinations, performed to paediatric patients (with regard to their age) and to document the prevailing symptoms experienced by patients with positive anti-tTGA IgA. In a group of 4,104 patients aged 1–18 years examined between 5/21 to 5/23, anti-tTGA IgA was positive in 56 (1,36 %). Twenty-nine patients were newly diagnosed with coeliac disease (20 patients met the targeted screening criteria, 9 were asymptomatic). From the symptoms perspective, extra-intestinal symptomatology pre- vailed over gastrointestinal ones. To this day, performing serological tests regardless of the child‘s age remains a controversial topic. There has been no positive value detected by anti-tTGA IgA in any child below 2 years of age (out of 345 patients tested within the study period). Based on our research, and in order to determine the appropriate lower age limit for anti-tGA IgA screening, we recommend taking into account the time of gluten introduction into the child‘s diet individually.
- MeSH
- bezlepková dieta MeSH
- biopsie metody MeSH
- celiakie * diagnóza dietoterapie imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- gluteny imunologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunoglobulin A analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protein-glutamin:amin-gama-glutamyltransferasa 2 analýza antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- screeningové diagnostické programy * MeSH
- sérologické testy MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
β-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) confer resistance against β-lactam group-containing antibiotics in bacteria and higher eukaryotes, including humans. Pathogenic bacterial resistance against β-lactam antibiotics is a primary concern for potential therapeutic developments and drug targets. Here, we report putative β-lactamase activity, sulbactam binding (a β-lactam analogue) in the low μM affinity range, and site-specific interaction studies of a 14 kDa UV- and dark-inducible protein (abbreviated as UVI31+, a BolA homologue) from Chlamydomonas reinhartii. Intriguingly, the solution NMR structure of UVI31 + bears no resemblance to other known β-lactamases; however, the sulbactam binding is found at two sites rich in positively charged residues, mainly at the L2 loop regions and the N-terminus. Using NMR spectroscopy, ITC and MD simulations, we map the ligand binding sites in UVI31 + providing atomic-level insights into its β-lactamase activity. Current study is the first report on β-lactamase activity of UVI31+, a BolA analogue, from C. reinhartii. Furthermore, our mutation studies reveal that the active site serine-55 is crucial for β-lactamase activity.
- MeSH
- beta-laktamasy * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii * enzymologie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární metody MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
- sulbaktam chemie farmakologie MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V populaci s genetickým rizikem (GR+, HLA DQ2/DQ8 pozitivní) rozvoje CD (celiakie) výlučné nebo žádné kojení a delší doba kojení nesnížily riziko vzniku CD/CDA (pozitivita antitransglutaminázy nebo antiendomysiálních protilátek) v dětství při zavedení lepku nebyla spojena s kumulativním rizikem CD/CDA. Důkazy ze šesti observačních studií naznačují, že konzumace vyššího množství lepku při odstavení a/nebo po něm může zvýšit riziko CD. Neexistují dostatečné důkazy pro stanovení množství lepku spojeného se zvýšeným rizikem CD/CDA. Pokud jde o to, zda postupy kojenecké výživy modulují riziko spojené s různými genotypy HLA, výsledky byly nekonzistentní.
In the population at genetic risk of developing CD (HLA DQ2/DQ8-positive), exclusive or any breastfeeding and longer breastfeeding duration did not reduce the risk of developing CD/CDA during childhood. Age at gluten introduction was not associated with cumulative CD/CDA risk. Evidence from six observational studies suggests that consumption of a higher amount of gluten at weaning and/or thereafter may increase CD risk. There is insufficient evidence to determine the amount of gluten associated with an increased CD/CDA risk. Regarding whether infant feeding practices modulate the risk conferred by different HLA genotypes results were inconsistent.
- MeSH
- celiakie * genetika MeSH
- fyziologie výživy kojenců * MeSH
- gluteny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odstavení MeSH
- pozorovací studie jako téma MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- tabulky MeSH
Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones that regulate plant development and physiology, including adaptation to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids are synthesized in the cell interior but bind receptors at the cell surface, necessitating a yet to be identified export mechanism. Here, we show that a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB19, functions as a brassinosteroid exporter. We present its structure in both the substrate-unbound and the brassinosteroid-bound states. Bioactive brassinosteroids are potent activators of ABCB19 ATP hydrolysis activity, and transport assays showed that ABCB19 transports brassinosteroids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABCB19 and its close homolog, ABCB1, positively regulate brassinosteroid responses. Our results uncover an elusive export mechanism for bioactive brassinosteroids that is tightly coordinated with brassinosteroid signaling.
- MeSH
- ABC transportéry * chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- Arabidopsis * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- brassinosteroidy * metabolismus MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku * chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Celiac disease is a common gastroenterological illness. Current diagnostics of the disease are based on serological markers and histology of duodenal biopsies. Hitherto, a strict gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment and is necessary for good control of the disease. Serological tests in current use have very high specificity and sensitivity for diagnostics, but in follow-up they have some limitations. Their levels do not accurately reflect mucosal healing, and they are unable to detect minimal transgressions in the diet. This problem is significant in patients with IgA deficiency, and there exist no robust follow-up tools for monitoring these patients' adherence to treatment. For their follow-up, we currently use IgG-based tests, and these antibodies persist for a long time even when a patient has stopped consuming gluten. More accurate and specific biomarkers are definitely needed. Adherence to a gluten-free diet is essential not only for intestinal mucosa healing and alleviation of symptoms but also for preventing complications associated with celiac disease. Here, we summarize current evidence regarding noninvasive biomarkers potentially useful for follow-up not only of patients with IgA deficiency but for all patients with celiac disease. We describe several very promising biomarkers with potential to be part of clinical practice in the near future.
- MeSH
- bezlepková dieta MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- celiakie * MeSH
- deficience IgA * MeSH
- gluteny MeSH
- imunoglobulin A MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- hrachový protein * analýza metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Alternativy výrobků živočišného původu hrají stále důležitější roli ve výživě nejen vegetariánů a veganů. Cílem předkládané práce je monitoring kvality 16 vzorků alternativ masa a výrobků z nich prodávaných v malospotřebitelských baleních; do senzorické analýzy byl navíc zahrnut vzorek masného výrobku pro porovnání organoleptických vlastností. V analyzovaných vzorcích bylo zastoupení hlavních živin, a tedy i jejich poměr, velmi variabilní. Byl zjištěn obsah tuku v rozpětí 0,2-22,5 g/100 g, obsah bílkovin 6,7-57,4 g/100 g a obsah sacharidů 1,2-37,8 g/100 g. Kvalita tuku byla též rozdílná, o čemž svědčí i rozpětí podílu nasycených mastných kyselin 7,0-47,0 %. V rámci senzorické analýzy předčily živočišný vzorek 3 rostlinné alternativy masa, u většiny z nich byla však zaznamenána senzorická jakost nižší.
Alternatives to products of animal origin play an increasingly important role in the nutrition of not only vegetarians and vegans. The work is a monitoring of quality performed on 16 samples of meat alternatives, sold in small consumer packages; in addition, a sample of meat product was analysed to compare the organoleptic properties. The ratio of main nutrients in samples was very variable. Fat content was found to be in range 0.2-22.5 g/100 g, protein content 6.7-57.4 g/100 g and saccharides 0-37.8 g/100 g. The quality of fat was also variable, which is evidenced by the range 7.0-47.0% of saturated fatty acids. In the sensory analysis, 3 plant-based meat alternatives outperformed the meat sample, but most of them had a lower sensory quality.
