AIM: A diabetes-related foot ulcer (DFU) is a major risk factor for lower-extremity amputation (LEA). To help clinicians predict the risk of LEA in people with DFU, the Diabetic Foot Risk Assessment (DIAFORA) system was developed but has never been externally validated. METHODS: In this study, 317 people presenting with a new DFU were included. At baseline, participants were grouped into three groups based on their DIAFORA score: low-risk (<15), medium-risk (15-25), and high-risk (>25). Participants were followed until healing, LEA, death, or at least 3 months. Discriminative accuracy was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LRs) and the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: All 317 participants completed at least 3 months of follow-up for a median duration of 146 days, during which 12.6% underwent minor amputation and 2.5% major amputation. People in the low- and medium-risk categories had major amputation rates of 0.9% and 2.1%, respectively, and negative LR of major LEA of 0.10 and 0.38, respectively, while the people in the high-risk category had an amputation rate of 25.0% and a positive LR of 12.9. The DIAFORA risk groups had a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 65.7%, with a corresponding AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.87) for the prediction of major LEA. CONCLUSION: The DIAFORA score is a useful tool for risk stratification of people presenting with a newly occurred DFU, with the external validation presenting results similar to those presented in the original study. The DIAFORA score may guide clinicians towards more individualized DFU treatment regimens.
- MeSH
- Amputation, Surgical * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Diabetic Foot * surgery epidemiology MeSH
- Lower Extremity surgery MeSH
- Risk Assessment methods MeSH
- Cohort Studies MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Validation Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Denmark MeSH
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common, fatal cancer. Identifying subgroups who may benefit more from intervention is of critical public health importance. Previous studies have assessed multiplicative interaction between genetic risk scores and environmental factors, but few have assessed additive interaction, the relevant public health measure. METHODS: Using resources from CRC consortia, including 45,247 CRC cases and 52,671 controls, we assessed multiplicative and additive interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction, RERI) using logistic regression between 13 harmonized environmental factors and genetic risk score, including 141 variants associated with CRC risk. RESULTS: There was no evidence of multiplicative interaction between environmental factors and genetic risk score. There was additive interaction where, for individuals with high genetic susceptibility, either heavy drinking (RERI = 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13, 0.36), ever smoking (0.11 [0.05, 0.16]), high body mass index (female 0.09 [0.05, 0.13], male 0.10 [0.05, 0.14]), or high red meat intake (highest versus lowest quartile 0.18 [0.09, 0.27]) was associated with excess CRC risk greater than that for individuals with average genetic susceptibility. Conversely, we estimate those with high genetic susceptibility may benefit more from reducing CRC risk with aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (-0.16 [-0.20, -0.11]) or higher intake of fruit, fiber, or calcium (highest quartile versus lowest quartile -0.12 [-0.18, -0.050]; -0.16 [-0.23, -0.09]; -0.11 [-0.18, -0.05], respectively) than those with average genetic susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: Additive interaction is important to assess for identifying subgroups who may benefit from intervention. The subgroups identified in this study may help inform precision CRC prevention.
- MeSH
- Diet MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease * MeSH
- Body Mass Index MeSH
- Gene-Environment Interaction * MeSH
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide MeSH
- Colorectal Neoplasms * genetics epidemiology MeSH
- Smoking adverse effects MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Logistic Models MeSH
- Alcohol Drinking MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Case-Control Studies MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Článek se zabývá souvislostmi mezi idiopatickými střevními záněty (IBD – inflammatory bowel disease) a psychiatrickými onemocněními. Zaměřuje se na úzkostnou a depresivní poruchu, které jsou nejčastější. Zmiňuje současné poznatky o epidemiologii těchto psychiatrických poruch u pacientů s IBD. Stručně popisuje patofyziologické mechanizmy. Autorky článku zdůrazňují výhodu časné diagnostiky už v ambulanci gastroenterologa, nabízí možnosti screeningových metod – dotazníků na úzkost (GAD-7) a depresi (PHQ-9). Přestože je vhodná spolupráce s psychiatry a psychoterapeuty, možnost léčby úzkostných a depresivních příznaků může využít i gastroenterolog. Článek zmiňuje nejčastější psychoterapeutické postupy a možnosti farmakologické léčby. Cílem článku je pomoci gastroenterologům v diagnostice a léčbě úzkostné a depresivní poruchy u pacientů s IBD.
The article deals with the connections between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psychiatric diseases. It focuses on anxiety and depressive disorders, which are the most common. It outlines current knowledge about the epidemiology of these psychiatric disorders in patients with IBD. It briefly describes the pathophysiological mechanisms. The authors emphasize the advantage of early diagnosis in gastroenterological practices, and offer options for screening methods such as questionnaires for anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9). Although cooperation with psychiatrists and psychotherapists is desirable, gastroenterologists can also treat anxiety and depressive symptoms by themselves. The article mentions the most common psychotherapeutic procedures and pharmacological treatment. The aim of the article is to help gastroenterologists in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with IBD.
- MeSH
- Depression diagnosis etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Mental Disorders * diagnosis epidemiology classification physiopathology MeSH
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases * diagnosis psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Psychotherapy methods MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Anxiety Disorders diagnosis etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Úvod: Incidence věkově předčasného kolorektálního karcinomu (KRK) celosvětově stoupá. V České republice je aktuálně věková hranice pro celopopulační screening KRK 50 let. Zvažuje se snížení věkové hranice, ale to v praxi naráží na omezenou kapacitu endoskopických pracovišť. Cílem práce bylo zhodnotit riziko nálezu neoplastické léze dle věkových skupin a pohlaví. Metodika: Jedná se o retrospektivní observační studii provedenou v Beskydském gastrocentru v Nemocnici ve Frýdku-Místku v letech 2017–2023. V tomto období byla sledována incidence neoplastických lézí ve věkových skupinách 30–34 let, 35–39 let, 40–44 let, 45–49 let, 50–54 let, 55–59 let, zvlášť pro muže a ženy. K porovnání dvou kategorických proměnných byl použit Chí kvadrát test; p < 0,05 bylo považováno za signifikantní. Výsledky: Za sledované období bylo provedeno celkem 13 352 koloskopií, 7 094 u mužů, 6 258 u žen, 2 678 u pacientů < 50 let, 10 674 u pacientů ≥ 50 let. Charakteristiky pacientů a incidence neoplastických lézí v jednotlivých pětiletých věkových skupinách jsou zobrazeny v tabulkách níže v tomto textu. Incidence neoplastických lézí v každé pětileté věkové skupině byla vždy významně vyšší než v předcházející mladší věkové skupině. Pokud jako referenční skupinu s nejnižším výskytem neoplastických lézí, u které je v současnosti v ČR doporučen screening KRK, bereme ženy 50–54 let, mají statisticky srovnatelné riziko jak muži 45–49 let (p = 0,304), tak muži 40–44 let (p = 0,086). Ženy 45–49 let (p = 0,001) mají statisticky signifikantně nižší riziko než ženy 50–54 let. Závěry: Pokud bychom měli snižovat věkovou hranici pro screening KRK v ČR postupně tak, abychom nezahltili kapacitu endoskopických center, jsou v nejvyšším riziku muži 45–49 let, poté muži 40–44 let a až poté ženy 45–49 let. Samozřejmostí je surveillance osob s rodinným rizikem KRK a časný termín endoskopického vyšetření pro symptomatické pacienty.
Background: Early onset colorectal cancer (CRC; cancer in a person younger than 50 years) has increasing incidence in the last few years. Current age limit for population screening in Czech Republic is 50 years of age. Lowering the age limit is necessary, but this collides with limited capacity of endoscopy units. The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of neoplastic lesions according to age and gender. Methods: It was an observational retrospective study conducted in a non-university hospital Frýdek-Místek between 2017 and 2023. The incidence of all neoplastic lesions was evaluated in age groups 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, and 55–59 years separately for men and women. Two dichotomous variables were compared using the Chi square test, where P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: During the study period, 13,352 colonoscopies were done in total (7,094 men, 6,258 women); 2,678 in patients <50 years of age, and 10,674 in patients ≥50 years. The incidence of all neoplastic lesions in each age group was always significantly higher than in the previous age group, the results are shown in the tables below in this text. As we determined the reference group of women 50–54 years of age as the group with the lowest risk of neoplastic lesions currently involved in population screening, the comparable risk of all neoplastic lesions was observed for men 45–49 years of age (P = 0.304) and also for men 40–44 years of age (P = 0.086). Women 45–49 years of age (P = 0.001) have a significantly lower risk of advanced neoplastic lesions than women 50–54 years of age. Conclusions: If we do not want to overload the capacity of endoscopy units, we should lower the age limit for population screening by age and gender groups. According to our retrospective data, the highest risk of neoplastic lesions is found in men 45–49 years of age, and after them men 40–44 years of age. Women 45–49 years of age have a significantly lower risk of CRC.
- MeSH
- Early Detection of Cancer methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Colorectal Neoplasms * diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors * MeSH
- Sex Factors MeSH
- Preventive Health Services methods MeSH
- Age Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
Východiská: Z hľadiska epidemiológie predstavuje kolorektálny karcinóm (KRK) celosvetovo jeden z najčastejšie sa vyskytujúcich nádorov. Pokrok vo výskume sa premietol do zníženia úmrtnosti na toto ochorenie, avšak zníženie veku vzniku KRK vytvára obavy vo väčšine rozvinutých krajín. Identifikácia a validácia účinných prognostických biomarkerov sú kľúčové pre zvýšenie presnosti diagnostiky a individualizáciu liečby. Cieľ: Cieľom práce je analyzovať najnovšie údaje o epidemiológii a rizikových faktoroch KRK. Naratívny prehľad sa zameriava aj na zhrnutie súčasných poznatkov o rôznych prognostických biomarkeroch pri liečbe KRK, vrátane ukazovateľov výkonnostného stavu, nutričných a zápalových markerov. Záver: KRK predstavuje závažný zdravotný problém vo väčšine krajín a nádorové biomarkery, ako aj stav pacienta pred liečbou, sú rozhodujúce pre určenie prognózy ochorenia. Ukazovatele nutričného a výkonnostného stavu zohrávajú zásadnú úlohu pri hodnotení stavu pacienta a ovplyvňujú rozhodnutia o liečbe, s potenciálnym dopadom na jej výsledky. Zápalové markery sa javia ako významný prognostický faktor, korelujúc s imunitnou odpoveďou pacienta na nádor a zápalovými procesmi, ktoré môžu viesť k progresii ochorenia. Napriek ich sľubnej prediktívnej sile sa tieto biomarkery zatiaľ bežne nepoužívajú v klinickej praxi z dôvodu potreby ďalšej vedeckej validácie. Integrácia nových biomarkerov do klinickej praxe by však mohla viesť k personalizovanejším liečebným stratégiam a tým k zlepšeniu prežívania pacientov. Pre komplexnejšie posúdenie validity týchto biomarkerov a ich aplikácie v bežnej klinickej praxi je potrebný ďalší výskum.
Background: In terms of epidemiology, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide. Progress in research has translated into reduced mortality of the disease, but the trend of early onset CRC troubles most of the developed countries. Identification and validation of effective prognostic biomarkers are crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Purpose: The objective of the work is to analyze the latest data on the epidemiology and risk factors of CRC. A narrative review also aims to summarize current knowledge about various prognostic biomarkers in the treatment of CRC, including indicators of performance status, nutritional, and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: CRC pose major health problem in most of the countries and the tumor biomarkers as well as patients pre-treatment condition are crucial to establish prognosis of the disease. Nutritional and performance status indicators play an essential role in assessing the patient’s condition and influence treatment decisions, with a potential impact on treatment outcomes. Inflammatory markers have demonstrated significant prognostic value, correlating with the patient’s immune response to the tumor and inflammatory processes that may promote disease progression. Despite promising predictive capabilities, these biomarkers are not yet routinely used in clinical practice due to the need for further research validation. The integration of new biomarkers into clinical practice could lead to more personalized treatment decisions and improved treatment outcomes. For a more comprehensive assessment of the validity of these biomarkers and their application in regular clinical practice, further research is necessary.
- MeSH
- Biomarkers MeSH
- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena MeSH
- Genetic Testing MeSH
- Genes, ras genetics MeSH
- Colorectal Neoplasms * epidemiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microsatellite Instability MeSH
- Prognosis * MeSH
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf genetics adverse effects MeSH
- Risk Factors * MeSH
- Neoplasm Staging methods MeSH
- Inflammation complications physiopathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Aim: The main objective was to determine how hospitalized patients subjectively perceive sleep disturbances. The study also assessed the influence of selected factors (physiological, physical, environmental, and psychological) and clinical and demographic variables on sleep disruption. Design: A multicenter descriptive study. Methods: Conducted in seven Czech hospitals from February to May 2023, the study included 397 patients in general wards. Data were collected using a modified questionnaire on sleep disturbances, and the results were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results: The sample comprised 193 males (48.6 %) and 204 females (51.4%). Females reported more sleep disturbances than males (p = 0.023). Psychological and physical factors had a greater impact on females. Younger patients reported poorer sleep quality (p = 0.015). Pain was the strongest clinical factor that negatively affected sleep (Ra = 0.730). Environmental factors were the leading cause of sleep disturbance in patients (Ra = 0.836). The variability associated with all the factors studied (environmental, psychological, physiological, and physical) accounted for 97.6% of the total variability in sleep disturbance. Conclusion: Females and younger patients experienced more sleep disturbance. Pain and environmental factors were the primary causes of disrupted sleep. Differences were noted in the factors affecting sleep between genders.
- MeSH
- Atherosclerosis * drug therapy metabolism physiopathology prevention & control MeSH
- Hypolipidemic Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipoproteins * classification blood metabolism adverse effects MeSH
- Heart Disease Risk Factors MeSH
- Practice Guidelines as Topic MeSH
- Vascular Stiffness MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Studie SELECT a SOUL hodnotily účinnost semaglutidu v prevenci kardiovaskulárních komplikací u pacientů s nadváhou (preobezitou), obezitou a diabetem 2. typu. SELECT potvrdila, že týdenní podávání subkutánního semaglutidu snižuje kardiovaskulární riziko u pacientů s nadváhou bez diabetu, přičemž vedlo k úbytku tělesné hmotnosti, snížení krevního tlaku a zánětlivých markerů. Studie SOUL zkoumala účinky perorálního semaglutidu u pacientů s diabetem 2. typu s aterosklerotickým kardiovaskulárním onemocněním nebo chronickým onemocněním ledvin a ukázala 14% snížení mortality z kardiovaskulárních příčin, infarktu myokardu a cévní mozkové příhody oproti placebu. Výsledky potvrzují, že semaglutid představuje významný přínos v kardiovaskulární prevenci.
The SELECT and SOUL studies evaluated the effectiveness of semaglutide in the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes. SELECT study confirmed that weekly subcutaneous semaglutide reduced cardiovascular risk in overweight/preobesity non-diabetic patients, leading to weight loss, reductions in blood pressure and inflammatory markers. SOUL study investigated the effects of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes with ACS or CKD and showed a 14% reduction in cardiovascular mortality, heart attack and stroke compared to placebo. The results confirm that semaglutide represents a significant benefit in cardiovascular prevention.
- MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy complications MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases * drug therapy complications mortality prevention & control MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Overweight drug therapy complications MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic MeSH
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor * agonists administration & dosage MeSH
- Heart Disease Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
Miera obezity sa z roka na rok alarmujúco zvyšuje. Je veľmi dobre známe, že (pre)obezita jednak zhoršuje tradičné kardiovaskulárne (KV) rizikové faktory, ale je tiež aj nezávislým KV-rizikovým faktorom, čo následne nepriamo zvyšuje KV-riziko. Mechanizmy, ktoré vedú k rozvoju kardiovaskulárnych ochorení (KVO), sú mnohopočetné a nie úplne pochopené. Dôkazy však spájajú obezitu a chronický subklinický zápal, ktorý uľahčuje rozvoj aterosklerózou podmieneného kardiovaskulárneho ochorenia (ASKVO). Morbiditu a mortalitu na KVO (pre)obezita zvyšuje prostredníctvom priamych a nepriamych mechanizmov. Naopak, redukcia telesnej hmotnosti (TH) je spojená s významnými zdravotnými benefitmi a v súčasnosti máme dôkazy, že výraznejší úbytok TH vedie k výraznejším (nielen) kardiometabolickým benefitom. Manažment jedincov s (pre)obezitou sa v súčasnosti veľmi rýchlo mení vďaka novinkám prichádzajúcim do klinickej praxe. Pokiaľ chceme zlepšiť KV-morbiditu a KV- mortalitu u pacientov s (pre)obezitou, musíme si uvedomiť, že intervencia musí byť včasná, razantná a dlhodobá. Našim cieľom je dosiahnuť nielen bezpečnú, efektívnu a udržateľnú redukciu TH, ktorá bude viesť k zníženiu prevalencie komorbidít súvisiach s obezitou, ale najmä k poklesu KV-morbidity a KV-mortality.
Obesity rates are increasing alarmingly year by year. It is well known that (pre)obesity exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors and is also an independent cardiovascular risk factor, which in turn indirectly increases cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms that lead to the development of cardiovascular disease are multiple and not fully understood. However, evidence links obesity and chronic subclinical inflammation, which facilitates the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (Pre)obesity increases morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease through direct and indirect mechanisms. Conversely, weight reduction is associated with significant health benefits and we now have evidence that more significant weight loss leads to more significant (not only) cardiometabolic benefits. The management of individuals with (pre)obesity is currently changing very rapidly due to new pharmacotherapies coming into clinical practice. If we want to improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with (pre)obesity, we have to realize that the intervention must be early, vigorous and long-term. Our goal is to achieve not only safe, effective and sustainable weight reduction, which will lead to a decrease in the prevalence of obesity related comorbidities, but especially to a decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
- MeSH
- Weight Loss drug effects MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases * complications mortality physiopathology therapy MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Liraglutide administration & dosage MeSH
- Obesity * drug therapy complications MeSH
- Heart Disease Risk Factors MeSH
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Lipoproteín(a) [Lp(a)] má štrukturálnu podobnosť s LDL-cholesterolom, ale líši sa od neho tým, že obsahuje glykoproteín apolipoproteín(a) [apo(a)]. Vďaka svojim protrombotickým a prozápalovým vlastnostiam je Lp(a) nezávislým rizikovým faktorom pre aterosklerózou podmienených kardiovaskulárnych ochorení (ASKVO) a aortálnu stenózu. Hladiny Lp(a) sú prevažne geneticky podmienené, pričom približne 20–25 % svetovej populácie má hladiny ≥ 50 mg/dl (alebo ≥ 125 nmol/l). Zmena životného štýlu a diétne opatrenia majú na hladiny Lp(a) len minimálny alebo žiadny vplyv. V súčasnosti je lipoproteínová aferéza jedinou schválenou liečbou zvýšených hladín Lp(a). Táto metóda je však pre pacienta časovo náročná a jej účinnosť je len mierna. Napriek veľkej snahe vyvinúť optimálnu farmakologickú intervenciu za účelom zníženia hladín Lp(a) a s tým súvisiaceho kardiovaskulárneho (KV) rizika, majú existujúce liečivá len obmedzenú účinnosť pri redukcii Lp(a). Hoci statíny zostávajú na účely zníženia hladín LDL-cholesterolu metódou prvej voľby, nepreukázali zníženie rizika ASKVO spojeného s Lp(a). Lieky ako alirokumab, evolokumab a inklisiran dokážu znížiť hladiny Lp(a) o 20–25 %, ale nie je jasné, ako sa tento pokles premieta do zníženia rizika ASKVO sprostredkovaného Lp(a). Niacín taktiež znižuje hladiny Lp(a), avšak jeho účinnosť v redukcii súvisiacich rizík je nejasná a jeho vedľajšie účinky obmedzujú jeho široké používanie. Odporúčania na skríning a manažment vysokých hladín Lp(a) sa značne líšia naprieč národnými a medzinárodnými odporúčaniami. Medzi nové liečby zamerané na Lp(a) patria 3 skúmané zlúčeniny: malé interferujúce RNA agens (olpasiran a SLN360) a antisense oligonukleotid (pelacarsen/pelakarsen). Tieto lieky fungujú tak, že blokujú transláciu mediátorovej RNA pre apo(a), ktorý je kľúčovou súčasťou Lp(a), a tým výrazne znižujú jeho produkciu v pečeni. Táto prehľadová práca si kladie za cieľ opísať súčasné odporúčania pre skríning a manažment zvýšenej hladiny Lp(a), zhodnotiť účinky dostupných liekov na zníženie jeho hladín a preskúmať potenciál nových liečebných postupov zameraných na Lp(a).
Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), shares structural similarities with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) but is distinct because it includes the glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Due to its roles in promoting thrombosis and inflammation, Lp(a) is recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) levels are predominantly determined by genetics, with approximately 20%–25% of the global population having levels ≥ 50 mg/dL (or ≥ 125 nmol/L). Lifestyle and dietary changes have minimal or no impact on Lp(a) levels. Currently, lipoprotein apheresis is the only approved treatment for elevated Lp(a). However, this approach is time-consuming for patients and provides only moderate efficacy. While there is considerable interest in pharmacological strategies to lower Lp(a) levels and mitigate associated risks, existing lipid-lowering treatments show limited success in reducing Lp(a). Although statins remain the first-line therapy for lowering LDL cholesterol, they have not demonstrated a reduction in Lp(a)-related ASCVD risk. Medications like alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran can reduce Lp(a) levels by 20–25%, but it is unclear how these reductions translate into lower Lp(a)-mediated ASCVD risk. Niacin also lowers Lp(a) levels, though its role in reducing associated risks is uncertain, and side effects limit its widespread use. Guidelines for screening and managing high Lp(a) levels vary significantly across national and international recommendations. Emerging therapies targeting Lp(a) include three investigational compounds: small interfering RNA (siRNA) agents (olpasiran, SLN360) and an antisense oligonucleotide (pelacarsen). These treatments work by blocking the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) for apo(a), a critical component of Lp(a), thus significantly reducing its production in the liver. This review aims to outline current screening and management recommendations for elevated Lp(a), evaluate the impact of existing lipid-lowering therapies on Lp(a), and explore the potential of new treatments targeting Lp(a).
- MeSH
- Hypolipidemic Agents administration & dosage pharmacology classification MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases * drug therapy prevention & control MeSH
- Cholesterol, LDL blood drug effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipoprotein(a) * pharmacology blood drug effects MeSH
- Heart Disease Risk Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
