The miniaturized Raman spectrometer is considered to be a candidate instrument for the Pasteur payload (the ExoMars mission scheduled for 2018). This mission will, for the first time, combine mobility and access to subsurface locations where organic molecules might be well preserved. Evaporitic crystals are among the potential protected habitats that have been postulated. Various concentrations of biomarkers (beta-carotene, glycine and phthalic acid) dispersed in a gypsum matrix were analyzed through transparent mineral (gypsum) plates of different thicknesses. By doing so, conditions were simulated in which biomarkers were trapped within evaporitic crystals. Using a long-working distance objective, all studied concentrations of biomarkers mixed in gypsum powder were detected. The characteristic Raman bands were easily observable for a 10% mixture of all chosen biomarkers not only through a 3.3 mm plate and but even through a 5.2 mm plate. It was possible to detect key Raman bands of 1% phthalic acid/gypsum mixture and 1% beta-carotene/gypsum mixture even through a 5.2 mm gypsum plate. The 1% beta-carotene/gypsum mixture was still clearly distinguishable through an 8.5mm gypsum crystal due to the known resonance Raman effect of the molecule.

Institute of Geochemistry Mineralogy and Mineral Resources Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Prague Czech Republic

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Microbial colonization of gypsum: from the fossil record to the present day