In 2012, an outstanding expert panel derived from IFSO-EC (International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity-European Chapter) and EASO (European Association for the Study of Obesity), composed by key representatives of both Societies including past and present presidents together with EASO's OMTF (Obesity Management Task Force) chair, agreed to devote the joint Medico-Surgical Workshop of both institutions to the topic of metabolic surgery as a pre-satellite of the 2013 European Congress on Obesity (ECO) to be held in Liverpool given the extraordinarily advancement made specifically in this field during the past years. It was further agreed to revise and update the 2008 Interdisciplinary European Guidelines on Surgery of Severe Obesity produced in cooperation of both Societies by focusing in particular on the evidence gathered in relation to the effects on diabetes during this lustrum and the subsequent changes that have taken place in patient eligibility criteria. The expert panel composition allowed the coverage of key disciplines in the comprehensive management of obesity and obesity-associated diseases, aimed specifically at updating the clinical guidelines to reflect current knowledge, expertise and evidence-based data on metabolic and bariatric surgery.

OB Klinika Centre for Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

See more in PubMed

Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377:557–567. PubMed PMC

World Health Organization (WHO)_ Obesity Available at www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity (last accessed September 9, 2013).

World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet No.311 (updated March 2013) Available at www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (last accessed September 9, 2013).

Frühbeck G, Toplak H, Woodward E, Yumuk V, Maislos M, Oppert JM. Obesity: the gateway to ill health - an EASO position statement on a rising public health, clinical and scientific challenge in Europe. Obes Facts. 2013;6:117–120. PubMed PMC

Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012;307:491–497. PubMed

Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012;307:483–490. PubMed PMC

Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, Reynolds K, He J. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1431–1437. PubMed

Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer- and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28:w822–w831. PubMed

Frühbeck G. Obesity: screening for the evident in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:570–572. PubMed

Sjöström L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial - a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med. 2013;273:219–234. PubMed

Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, Flint AJ, Hannan L, MacInnis RJ, Moore SC, Tobias GS, Anton-Culver H, Freeman LB, Beeson WL, Clipp SL, English DR, Folsom AR, Freedman DM, Giles G, Hakansson N, Henderson KD, Hoffman-Bolton J, Hoppin JA, Koenig KL, Lee IM, Linet MS, Park Y, Pocobelli G, Schatzkin A, Sesso HD, Weiderpass E, Willcox BJ, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2211–2219. PubMed PMC

Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309:71–82. PubMed PMC

Neovius M, Narbro K, Keating C, Peltonen M, Sjöholm K, Agren G, Sjöström L, Carlsson L. Health care use during 20 years following bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2012;308:1132–1141. PubMed

Fried M, Hainer V, Basdevant A, Buchwald H, Deitel M, Finer N, Greve JMM, Horber F, Mathus-Vliegen E, Scopinaro N, Steffen R, Tsigos C, Weiner R, Widhalm K. Interdisciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity. Obes Facts. 2008;1:52–59. PubMed PMC

Lehman Center Weight Loss Surgery Expert Panel Commonwealth of Massachusetts Betsy Lehman Center for Patient Safety and Medical Error Reduction Expert Panel on weight loss surgery: executive report. Obes Res. 2005;13:205–305. PubMed

Sauerland S, Angrisani L, Belachew M, Chevallier JM, Favretti F, Finer N, et al. Obesity surgery: evidence based guidelines of the EAES. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:200–221. PubMed

Maggard MA, Shugarman ML, Suttorp M, Maglione M, Sugerman HJ, Livingston EH, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:547–559. PubMed

Laville M, Romon M, Chavrier G, Guy-Grand B, Krempf M, Chevallier JM, et al. Recommendations regarding obesity surgery. Obes Surg. 2005;15:1476–1480. PubMed

Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Garvey WT, Hurley DL, McMahon MM, Heinberg LJ, Kushner R, Adams TD, Shikora S, Dixon JB, Brethauer S. AACE/TOS/ASMS Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient-2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Endocr Pract. 2013;19:337–372. PubMed PMC

NIH Conference. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Consensus development conference panel. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:956–961. PubMed

Ridley N. Expert panel on weight loss surgery - executive report. Obes Res. 2005;13:206–226. PubMed

Andersen T, Backer OG, Stokholm KH, Quaade F. Randomized trial of diet and gastroplasty compared with diet alone in morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:352–356. PubMed

Andersen T, Stokholm KH, Backer OG, Quaade F. Long term (5-year) results after either horizontal gastroplasty or very low-calorie diet for morbid obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 1988;12:277–284. PubMed

Karason K, Lindroos AK, Stenlof K, Sjostrom L. Relief of cardiorespiratory symptoms and increased physical activity after surgically induced weight loss: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1797–1802. PubMed

Karlsson J, Sjostrom L, Sullivan M. Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) an intervention study of obesity. Two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:113–126. PubMed

Fernandez AZ, Jr, Demaria EJ, Tichansky DS, Kellum JM, Wolfe LG, Meador J. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for death following gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2004;239:698–703. PubMed PMC

Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:20–25. PubMed

Sjostrom CD, Lissner I, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res. 1999;7:477–484. PubMed

Christou NV, Sampalis JS, Liberman M, Look D, Auger S, McLean A, et al. Surgery decreases long-term mortality, morbidity, and health care use in morbidly obese patients. Ann Surg. 2004;240:416–423. PubMed PMC

Mun EC, Blackburn GL, Matthews JB. Current status of medical and surgical therapy for obesity. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:669–681. PubMed

Flum DR, Dellinger E. Impact of gastric bypass on survival: a population-based analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199:543–551. PubMed

American College of Endocrinology (ACE), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) AACE/ACE Position Statement on the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity. Jacksonville: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; 1998.

American Society for Bariatric Surgery, Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons Guidelines for laparoscopic and open surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2000;10:378–379. PubMed

Douketis JD, Feightner JW, Attia J, Feldman WF, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Periodic health examination, 1999 update 1. Detection, prevention and treatment of obesity. CMAJ. 1999;160:513–525. PubMed PMC

International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity Statement on patient selection for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 1997;7:41. PubMed

Lauterbach K, Westenhofer J, Wirth A, Hauner H. Evidenz-basierte Leitlinie zur Behandlung der Adipositas in Deutschland. Köln: Otto Hauser; 1998.

Msika S. Surgery for morbid obesity: 2. Complications. Results of a technologic evaluation by the ANAES. J Chir (Paris) 2003;140:4–21. PubMed

National Institute for Clinical Excellence . 2002 Guidance on the Use of Surgery to Aid Weight Reduction for People with Morbid Obesity (Technology Appraisal No 46). London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2002.

Pontiroli AEW, Morabito A. Long-term prevention of mortality in morbid obesity through bariatric surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials performed with gastric banding and gastric bypass. Ann Surg. 2011;253:484–487. Erratum in Ann Surg 2011;253:1056. PubMed

Buchwald H, Rudser KD, Williams SE, et al. Overall mortality, incremental life expectancy, and cause of death at 25 years in the program on the surgical control of the hyperlipidemias. Ann Surg. 2010;251:1034–1040. PubMed

Padwal R, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, et al. Bariatric surgery a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obes Rev. 2011;12:602–621. PubMed

Garb J, Welch G, Zagarins S, et al. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta-analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1447–1455. PubMed

Valezi AC, Mali Junior J, de Menezes MA, et al. Weight loss outcome after silastic ring Roux-en Y gastric by-pass: 8 years of follow-up. Obes Surg. 2010;20:1491–1495. PubMed

Toouli J, Kow L, Ramos AC, et al. International multicenter study of safety and effectiveness of Swedish Adjustable Gastric Band in 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up cohorts. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5:598–609. PubMed

Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122:248–256. PubMed

Hofsø D, Nordstrand N, Johnson LK, et al. Obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors after weight loss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:735–745. PubMed PMC

Hofsø D, Jenssen T, Bollerslev J, et al. Beta cell function after weight loss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:231–238. PubMed PMC

Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2008;299:316–323. PubMed

Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH, et al. Gastric bypass vs. sleeve gastrctomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Surg. 2011;146:143–148. PubMed

Lee WJ, Wang W, Lee YC, et al. Effect of laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison of BMI > 35 and < 35. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:945–952. PubMed

Cohen RV, Pinheiro JC, Schiavon CA, et al. Effects of gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and only mild obesity. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1420–1428. PubMed PMC

Choi J, Digiorgi M, Milone L, et al. Outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in patients with low body mass index. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:367–371. PubMed

Serrot FJ, Dorman RB, Miller CJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgery and nonsurgical therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index < 35 kg/m2 . Surgery. 2011;150:684–691. PubMed

Fried M, Ribaric G, Buchwald JN, et al. Metabolic surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI < 35 kg/m2: an integrative review of early studies. Obes Surg. 2010;20:776–790. PubMed

Lee WJ, Chong K, Chen CY, et al. Diabetes remission and insulin secretion after gastric bypass in patients with body mass index < 35 kg/m2 . Obes Surg. 2011;21:889–895. PubMed

Demaria EJ, Winegar DA, Pate VW, et al. Early postoperative outcomes of metabolic surgery to treat diabetes from sites participating in the ASMBS bariatric surgery center of excellence program as reported in the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Ann Surg. 2010;252:559–566. PubMed

Lee WJ, Ser KH, Chong K, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for diabetes treatment in nonmorbidly obese patients: efficacy and change of insulin secretion. Surgery. 2010;147:664–669. PubMed

Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009;32:2133–2135. PubMed PMC

Maggard-Gibbons M, Maglione M, Livhits M, et al. Bariatric surgery for weight loss and glycemic control in nonmorbidly obese adults with diabetes. JAMA. 2013;309:2250–2261. PubMed

Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee W-J, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. JAMA. 2013;309:2240–2249. PubMed PMC

Apovian CM, Baker C, Ludwig DS, Hoppin AG, Hsu C, Lenders C, et al. Best practice guidelines in pediatric/adolescent weight loss surgery. Obes Res. 2005;13:274–282. PubMed

Inge TH, Krebs NF, Garcia VF, Skelton JA, Guice KS, Strauss RS, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2004;114:217–223. PubMed

Sugerman HJ, Sugerman EL, DeMaria EJ, Kellum JM, Kennedy C, Mowery Y, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:102–107. PubMed

Dolan K, Creighton L, Hopkins G, Fielding G. Laparoscopic gastric banding in morbidly obese adolescents. Obes Surg. 2003;13:101–104. PubMed

Stanford A, Glascock JM, Eid GM, Kane T, Ford HR, Ikramuddin S, et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:430–433. PubMed

Widhalm K, Dietrich S, Prager G. Adjustable gastric banding surgery in morbidly obese adolescents: experience with 8 patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28((suppl 3)):42S–48S. PubMed

Silberhummer GR, Miller K, Kriwanek S, Widhalm K, Pump A, Prager G. laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in adolescents: the Austrian experience. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1062–1067. PubMed

Capella JF, Capella RF. Bariatric surgery in adolescence: is this the best age to operate? Obes Surg. 2003;13:826–832. PubMed

Patterson EJ, Urbach DR, Swanstrom LL. A comparison of diet and exercise therapy versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity: a decision analysis model. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196:379–384. PubMed

Averbukh Y, Heshka S, El-Shoreya H, Flancbaum L, Geliebter A, Kamel S, et al. Depression score predicts weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2003;13:833–836. PubMed

Ray EC, Nickels MW, Sayeed S, Sax HC. Predicting success after gastric bypass: the role of psychosocial and behavioral factors. Surgery. 2003;134:555–564. PubMed

Charles SC. Psychiatric evaluation of morbidly obese patients. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1987;16:415–432. PubMed

Gertler R, Ramsey-Stewart G. Pre-operative psychiatric assessment of patients presenting for gastric bariatric surgery (surgical control of morbid obesity) Aust N Z J Surg. 1986;56:157–161. |. PubMed

Guisado JA, Vaz FJ, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Lopez-Ibor MI, del Rio J, Rubio MA. Gastric surgery and restraint from food as triggering factors of eating disorders in morbid obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:97–100. PubMed

Sogg S, Mori DL. The Boston interview for gastric bypass: determining the psychological suitability of surgical candidates. Obes Surg. 2004;14:370–380. PubMed

Ferraro DR. Preparing patients for bariatric surgery-the clinical considerations. Clin Rev. 2004;14:57–63.

Naef M, Sadowski C, de Marco D, Sabbioni M, Balsiger B, Laederach K, et al. Die vertikale Gastroplastik nach Mason zur Behandlung der morbiden Adipositas: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven klinischen Studie. Chirurg. 2000;71:448–455. PubMed

Wiesner W, Schob O, Hauser RS, Hauser M. Adjustable laparoscopic gastric banding in patients with morbid obesity: radiographic management, results, and postoperative complications. Radiology. 2000;216:389–394. PubMed

Schumann R, Jones SB, Ortiz VE, Connor K, PulaiI I, Ozawa ET, et al. Best practice recommendations for anesthetic perioperative care and pain management in weight loss surgery. Obes Res. 2005;13:254–266. PubMed

O'Keeffe T, Patterson EJ. Evidence supporting routine polysomnography before bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2004;14:23–26. PubMed

Sugerman HJ, Fairman RP, Baron PL, Kwentus JA. Gastric surgery for respiratory insufficiency of obesity. Chest. 1986;90:81–86. PubMed

Sugerman HJ, Fairman RP, Sood RK, Engle K, Wolfe L, Kellum JM. Long-term effects of gastric surgery for treating respiratory insufficiency of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55((suppl 2)):597S–601S. PubMed

Miller K, Hell E. Laparoscopic surgical concepts of morbid obesity. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:375–384. PubMed

Naef M, Sadowski C, de Marco D, Sabbioni M, Balsiger B, Laederach K, et al. Die vertikale Gastroplastik nach Mason zur Behandlung der morbiden Adipositas: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven klinischen Studie. Chirurg. 2000;71:448–455. PubMed

Gonzalez R, Bowers SP, Venkatesh KR, Lin E, Smith CD. Preoperative factors predictive of complicated postoperative management after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1900–1914. PubMed

Frey WC, Pilcher J. Obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders in patients evaluated for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2003;13:676–683. PubMed

Sharaf RN, Weinshel EH, Bini EJ, Rosenberg J, Ren CJ. Radiologic assessment of the upper gastrointestinal tract: does it play an important preoperative role in bariatric surgery? Obes Surg. 2004;14:313–317. PubMed

Jaffin BW, Knoepflmacher P, Greenstein R. High prevalence of asymptomatic esophageal motility disorders among morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 1999;9:390–395. PubMed

Frigg A, Peterli R, Zynamon A, Lang C, Tondelli P. Radiologic and endoscopic evaluation for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: preoperative and follow-up. Obes Surg. 2001;11:594–599. PubMed

Greenstein RJ, Nissan A, Jaffin B. Esophageal anatomy and function in laparoscopic gastric restrictive bariatric surgery: implications for patient selection. Obes Surg. 1998;8:199–206. PubMed

Verset D, Houben JJ, Gay F, Elcheroth J, Bourgeois V, Van Gossum A. The place of upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy before and after vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:2333–2337. PubMed

Saltzman E, Anderson W, Apovian CM, Hannah B, Alison C, Diana C-D, et al. Criteria for patient selection and multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment of the weight loss surgery patient. Obes Res. 2005;13:234–243. PubMed

Sogg S, DeAnna LM. Psychosocial Evaluation for bariatric surgery: the Boston interview and opportunities for intervention. Obes Surg. 2009;19:369–377. PubMed

Heinberg LJ, Ashton K, Windover A. Moving beyond dichotomous psychological evaluation: The Cleveland Clinic Behavioral Rating System for Weight Loss Surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:185–190. PubMed

Greenberg I, Sogg S, Perna FM. Behavioral and psychological care in weight loss surgery: best practice update. Obesity. 2009;17:880–884. PubMed

Mahony D. Psychological assessments of bariatric surgery patients. Development, reliability, and exploratory factor analysis of the PsyBari. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1395–1406. PubMed

Fabricatore AN, Crerand CE, Wadden TA, et al. How do mental health professionals evaluate candidates for bariatric surgery? Survey results. Obes Surg. 2005;15:567–573. PubMed

Peacock JC, Zizzi SJ. An assessment of patient behavioral requirements pre- and post-surgery at accredited weight loss surgical centers. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1950–1957. PubMed

Bauchowitz AU, Gonder-Frederick LA, Olbrisch ME, et al. Psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates: a survey of present practices. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:825–832. PubMed

van Hout GC, Jakimowicz JJ, Fortuin FA, Pelle AJ, van Heck GL. Weight loss and eating behavior following vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1226–1234. PubMed PMC

Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C, et al. Maladaptive eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:1938–1943. PubMed

Rutledge T, Groez LM, Savu M, et al. Psychiatric factors and weight loss patterns following gastric bypass surgery in a veteran population. Obes Surg. 2011;21:29–35. PubMed PMC

Odom J, Zalesin KC, Washington TL, et al. Behavioral predictors of weight regain after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:349–356. PubMed

Colles SL, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:615–622. Erratum in Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:2287. PubMed

Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, et al. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527–534. PubMed

deZwaan M, Mitchell JE, Howell LM, et al. Characteristics of morbidly obese patients before gastric bypass surgery. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:428–434. PubMed

Hsu LK, Benotti PN, Dwyer J, et al. Nonsurgical factors that influence the outcome of bariatric surgery: a review. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:338–346. PubMed

Guisado Macias JA, Vaz Leal FJ. Psychopathological differences between morbidly obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters after bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Dis. 2003;8:315–318. PubMed

Sabbioni ME, Dickson MH, Eychmueller S, et al. Intermediate results of health related quality of life after vertical banded gastroplasty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:277–280. PubMed

Toussi R, Fujioka K, Coleman KJ. Pre-and postsurgery behavioral compliance, patient health, and postbariatric surgical weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:966–1002. PubMed

Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Fabricatore AN. Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Obes Res. 2005;13:639–648. PubMed

de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79–87. PubMed

White MA, Kalarchian M, Masheb RM, et al. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery patients: a prospective, 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:175–184. PubMed PMC

Sarwer DB, Dilks RJ, West-Smith L. Dietary intake and eating behavior after bariatric surgery: threats to weight loss maintenance and strategies for success. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2011;7:644–651. PubMed

Ashton K, Heinberg L, Windover A, et al. Positive response to binge eating intervention enhances postsurgical weight loss and adherence. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7:315–320. PubMed

Korner J, Inabnet W, Febres G, et al. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:786–795. PubMed PMC

Laferrere B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, et al. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2479–2485. PubMed PMC

Bose M, Teixeira J, Olivan B, et al. Weight loss and incretin responsiveness improve glucose control independently after gastric bypass surgery. J Diabetes. 2010;2:47–55. PubMed PMC

Vidal J, Ibarzabal A, Romero F, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome following sleeve gastrectomy in severely obese subjects. Obes Surg. 2008;18:1077–1082. PubMed

Leslie DB, Dorman RB, Serrot FJ, et al. Efficacy of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared to medically managed controls in meeting the American Diabetes Association composite end point goals for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg. 2012;22:367–374. PubMed

Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:695–704. PubMed

Arterburn DE, Bogart A, Sherwood NE, et al. A multisite study of long-term remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus following gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2013;23:93–102. PubMed PMC

Laferrere B. Effect of gastric bypass surgery on the incretins. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:513–517. PubMed PMC

Kashyap SR, Daud S, Kelly KR, et al. Acute effects of gastric bypass versus gastric restrictive surgery on beta-cell function and insulinotropic hormones in severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:462–471. PubMed PMC

Peterli R, Wolnerhanssen B, Peters T, et al. Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2009;250:234–241. PubMed

Mingrone G, Castagneto-Gissey L. Mechanisms of early improvement/resolution of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:518–523. PubMed

Briatore L, Salani B, Andraghetti G, et al. Beta-cell function improvement after biliopancreatic diversion in subjects with type 2 diabetes and morbid obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:932–936. PubMed

Briatore L, Salani B, Andraghetti G, et al. Restoration of acute insulin response in T2DM subjects 1 month after biliopancreatic diversion. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:77–81. PubMed

Talebpour M, Amoli BS. Laparoscopic total gastric vertical plication in morbid obesity. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2007;17:793–798. PubMed

Skrekas G, Antiochos K, Stafyla VK. Laparoscopic gastric greater curvature plication: results and complications in a series of 135 patients. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1657–1663. PubMed

Ramos A, Galvao Neto M, Galvao M, Evangelista LF, Campos JM, Ferraz A. Laparoscopic greater curvature plication: initial results of an alternative restrictive bariatric procedure. Obes Surg. 2010;20:913–918. PubMed

Brethauer SA, Harris JL, Kroh M, et al. Laparoscopic gastric plication for treatment of severe obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7:15–22. PubMed

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Interventional Procedure Guidance 432 Laparoscopic gastric plication for the treatment of severe obesity. 2012. Available at http://publications.nice.org.uk/laparoscopic-gastric-plication-for-the-treatment-of-severe-obesity-ipg432 (last accessed September 9, 2013).

Fried M, Dolezalova K, Buchwald JN, et al. Laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP) for the treatment of morbid obesity in a series of 244 patients. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1298–1307. PubMed

Sánchez-Pernaute A, Rubio MA, Pérez-Aguirre ME, et al. Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy: metabolic improvement and weight loss in first 100 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 doi:10.1016/j.soard.2012.07.018. PubMed

Reoch J, Mottillo S, Shimony A, et al. Safety of laparoscopic vs open bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2011;146:1314–1322. PubMed

Kelly J, Tarnoff M, Shikora S, Thayer B, Jones DB, Forse RA, et al. Best practice recommendations for surgical care in weight loss surgery. Obes Res. 2005;13:227–233. PubMed

Brolin RE. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA. 2002;288:2793–2796. PubMed

Mun EC, Blackburn GL, Matthews JB. Current status of medical and surgical therapy for obesity. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:669–681. PubMed

Murr MM, Balsiger BM, Kennedy FP, Mai JL, Sarr MG. Malabsorptive procedures for severe obesity: comparison of pancreaticobiliary bypass and very very long limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3:607–612. PubMed

Scopinaro N, Gianetta E, Adami GF, Friedman D, Traverso E, Marinari GM, et al. Biliopancreatic diversion for obesity at eighteen years. Surgery. 1996;119:261–268. PubMed

Scopinaro N, Marinari GM, Camerini G. Laparoscopic standard biliopancreatic diversion: technique and preliminary results. Obes Surg. 2002;12:362–365. PubMed

Howard L, Malone M, Michalek A, Carter J, Alger S, Van Woert J. Gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty - a prospective randomized comparison and 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 1995;5:55–60. PubMed

van Dielen FM, Soeters PB, de Brauw LM, Grewe JW. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus open vertical banded gastroplasty: a prospective randomized trial. Obes Surg. 2005;15:1292–1298. PubMed

Brolin RE, Kenler HA, Gorman JH, Cody RP. Long-limb gastric bypass in the superobese. A prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 1992;215:387–395. PubMed PMC

Podnos YD, Jimenez JC, Wilson SE, Stevens CM, Nguyen NT. Complications after laparoscopic gastric bypass: a review of 3464 cases. Arch Surg. 2003;138:957–961. PubMed

Perugini RA, Mason R, Czerniach DR, Novitsky YW, Baker S, Litwin DEM, et al. Predictors of complication and suboptimal weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a series of 188 patients. Arch Surg. 2003;138:541–545. PubMed

Nguyen NT, Rivers R, Wolfe BM. Factors associated with operative outcomes in laparoscopic gastric bypass. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197:548–555. PubMed

Ren CJ, Weiner M, Allen JW. Favorable early results of gastric banding for morbid obesity: the American experience. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:543–546. PubMed

Rubenstein RB. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding at a US center with up to 3-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:380–384. PubMed

O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Brown W, Schachter LM, Chapman L, Burn AJ, et al. The laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (Lap-Band): a prospective study of medium-term effects on weight, health and quality of life. Obes Surg. 2002;12:652–660. PubMed

Spivak H, Favretti F. Avoiding postoperative complications with the LAP-BAND system. Am J Surg. 2002;184((suppl 2)):31S–37S. PubMed

Belachew M, Belva PH, Desaive C. Long-term results of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2002;12:564–568. PubMed

DeMaria EJ, Sugerman HJ. A critical look at laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for surgical treatment of morbid obesity: does it measure up? Surg Endosc. 2000;14:697–699. PubMed

Favretti F, Cadiere GB, Segato G, Himpens J, Busetto L, De Marchi F, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding (Lap-Band): how to avoid complications. Obes Surg. 1997;7:352–358. PubMed

Fried M, Miller K, Kormanova K. Literature review of comparative studies of complications with Swedish band and Lap-Band. Obes Surg. 2004;14:256–260. PubMed

Fried M, Peskova M, Kasalicky M. Assessment of the outcome of laparoscopic nonadjustable gastric banding and stoma adjustable gastric banding: surgeon's and patient's view. Obes Surg. 1998;8:45–48. PubMed

Hall JC, Watts JM, O'Brien PE, Dunstan RE, Walsh JF, Slavotinek AH, et al. Gastric surgery for morbid obesity. the Adelaide Study. Ann Surg. 1990;211:419–427. PubMed PMC

Laws HL, Piantadosi S. Superior gastric reduction procedure for morbid obesity: a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1981;193:334–340. PubMed PMC

Bajardi G, Ricevuto G, Mastrandrea G, Branca M, Rinaudo G, Cali F, et al. Surgical treatment of morbid obesity with biliopancreatic diversion and gastric banding: report on an 8-year experience involving 235 cases. Ann Chir. 2000;125:155–162. PubMed

Chapman AE, Kiroff G, Game P, Foster B, O'Brien PE, Ham J, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of obesity: a systematic literature review. Surgery. 2004;135:326–351. PubMed

Dolan K, Hatzifotis M, Newbury L, Fielding G. A comparison of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and biliopancreatic diversion in superobesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:165–169. PubMed

Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH, et al. Gastric bypass vs. sleeve gastrctomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Surg. 2011;146:143–148. PubMed

Lee WJ, Wang W, Lee YC, et al. Effect of laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison of BMI > 35 and < 35. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:945–952. PubMed

Cohen RV, Pinheiro JC, Schiavon CA, et al. Effects of gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and only mild obesity. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1420–1428. PubMed PMC

Choi J, Digiorgi M, Milone L, et al. Outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in patients with low body mass index. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:367–371. PubMed

Scopinaro N, Adami GF, Papadia FS, Camerini G, et al. Effects of biliopanceratic diversion on type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI 25 to 35. Ann Surg. 2011;253:699–703. PubMed

Ciangura C, Bouillot JL, Lloret-Linares C, Poitou C, Veyrie N, Basdevant A, Oppert JM. Dynamics of change in total and regional body composition after gastric bypass in obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:760–765. PubMed

Jones DB, Provost DA, DeMaria EJ, Smith CD, Morgenstern L, Schirmer B. Optimal management of the morbidly obese patient SAGES appropriateness conference statement. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1029–1037. PubMed

American Society for Bariatric Surgery Bariatric surgery: ASBS guidelines. 2004. www.lapsurgery.com/BARIATRIC%20SURGERY/ASBS.htm (last accessed September 9, 2013).

Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons Guidelines for institutions granting bariatric privileges utilizing laparoscopic techniques. SAGES and the SAGES Bariatric Task Force. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:2037–2040. PubMed

Flum DR, Dellinger EP. Impact of gastric bypass operation on survival: a population-based analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199:543–551. PubMed

Schauer P, Ikramuddin S, Hamad G, Gourash W. The learning curve for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is 100 cases. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:212–215. PubMed

Wittgrove AC, Clark GW. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y-500 patients: technique and results with 3-60 months follow-up. Obes Surg. 2000;10:233–239. PubMed

Higa KD, Boone KB, Ho T, Davies OG. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass for morbid obesity: technique and preliminary results of our first 400 patients. Arch Surg. 2000;135:1029–1033. PubMed

Courcoulas A, Schuchert M, Gatti G, Luketich J. The relationship of surgeon and hospital volume to outcome after gastric bypass surgery in Pennsylvania: a 3-year summary. Surgery. 2003;134:613–623. PubMed

Sarwer DB, Moore RH, Spitzer JC, et al. A pilot study investigating the efficacy of postoperative dietary counseling to improve outcomes after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8:561–568. PubMed

Kulick D, Hark L, Deen D. The bariatric surgery patient: a growing role for registered dietitians. J Am Diet Asoc. 2010;110:593–599. PubMed

Ziegler O, Sirveaux MA, Brunaud L, et al. Medical follow up after bariatric surgery: nutritional and drug issues. General recommendations for the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiencies. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:544–557. PubMed

Faria SL. Dietary protein intake and bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1798–1805. PubMed

Raftopoulos I. Protein intake compliance with morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and its effect on weight loss and biochemical parameters. SOARD. 2011;7:733–742. PubMed

Billy H, Okerson T. Changes in body composition following gastric bypass or gastric banding. AACE 21st Annual Scientific and Clinical Congress, May 23-27. 2012 Philadephia PA; Abstract #1315.

Bavaresco M, Paganini S, Pereira Lima T, et al. Nutritional course of patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:716–721. PubMed

Andreu A, Moize V, Rodriguez L, et al. Protein intake, body composition, and protein status following bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:1509–1515. PubMed

Moize VL, Pi-Sunyer X, Mochari H, et al. Nutritional pyramid for post-gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg. 2010;20:1133–1141. PubMed

Padwal R, Brocks D, Sharma AM. A systematic review of drug absorption following bariatric surgery and its theoretical implications. Obes Rev. 2010;11:41–50. PubMed

Miller AD, Smith KM. Medication and nutrient administration considerations after bariatric surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63:1852–1857. PubMed

Ceppa EP, Ceppa DP, Omotosho PA, et al. Algorithm to diagnose etiology of hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity: case series and review of the literature. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8:641–647. PubMed

Cui Y, Elahi D, Andersen DK. Advances in the etiology and management of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15:1879–1888. PubMed

Bernard B, Kline GA, Service FJ. Hypoglycemia following upper gastrointestinal surgery: case report and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10:77–80. PubMed PMC

Spanakis E, Gragnoli C. Successful medical management of status post-Roux-en-Y-gastric-bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1333–1334. PubMed PMC

Moreira RO, Moreira RBM, Machado NAM, et al. Post-prandial hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery: pharmacological treatment with verapamil and acarbose. Obes Surg. 2008;18:1618–1621. PubMed

Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition) Chest. 2008;133:381S–453S. PubMed

Magee CJ, Barry J, Javed S, et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis reduces incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:322–325. PubMed

Raftopoulos I, Martindale C, Cronin A, et al. The effect of extended post-discharge chemical thromboprophylaxis on venous thromboembolism rates after bariatric surgery: a prospective comparison trial. Surg Endosc. 2008;22:2384–2391. PubMed

Winegar DA, Sherif B, Pate V, et al. Venous thromboembolism after bariatric surgery performed by Bariatric Surgery Center of Excellence Participants: analysis of the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7:181–188. PubMed

The ASMBS Clinical Issues Committee ASMBS Guideline on the prevention and detection of gastrointestinal leak after gastric bypass including the role of imaging and surgical exploration. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5:293–296. PubMed

Warschkow R, Tarantino I, Folie P, et al. C-reactive protein 2 days after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery reliably indicates leaks and moderately predicts morbidity. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16:1128–1135. PubMed

Lyass S, Khalili TM, Cunneen S, et al. Radiological studies after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: routine or selective? Am Surg. 2004;70:918–921. PubMed

Carussi LR, Turner MA, Conklin RC, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity: evaluation of postoperative extraluminal leaks with upper gastrointestinal series. Radiology. 2006;238:119–127. PubMed

Miller K, Hell E. Laparoscopic surgical concepts of morbid obesity. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:375–384. PubMed

Laville M, Romon M, Chavrier G, Guy-Grand B, Krempf M, Chevallier JM, et al. Recommendations regarding obesity surgery. Obes Surg. 2005;15:1476–1480. PubMed

Shen R, Dugay G, Rajaram K, Cabrera I, Siegel N, Ren CJ. Impact of patient follow-up on weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2004;14:514–519. PubMed

Favretti F, O'Brien PE, Dixon JB. Patient management after LAP-BAND placement. Am J Surg. 2002;184((suppl 2)):38S–41S. PubMed

Busetto L, Pisent C, Segato G, De Marchi F, Favretti F, Lise M, et al. The influence of a new timing strategy of band adjustment on the vomiting frequency and the food consumption of obese women operated with laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding (LAP-BAND) Obes Surg. 1997;7:505–512. PubMed

Rabkin RA, Rabkin JM, Metcalf B, Lazo M, Rossi M, Lehman-Becker LB. Nutritional markers following duodenal switch for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:84–90. PubMed

Ledikwe JH, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Jensen GL, Friedmann JM, Still CD. Nutritional risk assessment and obesity in rural older adults: a sex difference. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:551–558. PubMed

Ledikwe JH, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Miller CK, Jensen GL. Dietary patterns of rural older adults are associated with weight and nutritional status. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:589–595. PubMed

MacLean LD, Rhode B, Shizgal HN. Nutrition after vertical banded gastroplasty. Ann Surg. 1987;206:555–563. PubMed PMC

Hamoui N, Anthone G, Crookes PF. Calcium metabolism in the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 2004;14:9–12. PubMed

Faintuch J, Matsuda M, Cruz ME, Silva MM, Teivelis MP, Garrido AB, Jr, et al. Severe proteincalorie malnutrition after bariatric procedures. Obes Surg. 2004;14:175–181. PubMed

Baltasar A, Serra C, Perez N, Bou R, Bengochea M. Clinical hepatic impairment after the duodenal switch. Obes Surg. 2004;14:77–83. PubMed

Boylan LM, Sugerman HJ, Driskell JA. Vitamin E, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate status of gastric bypass surgery patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1988;88:579–585. PubMed

Cannizzo F, Jr, Kral JG. Obesity surgery: a model of programmed undernutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1998;1:363–368. PubMed

Hamoui N, Kim K, Anthone G, Crookes PF. The significance of elevated levels of parathyroid hormone in patients with morbid obesity before and after bariatric surgery. Arch Surg. 2003;138:891–897. PubMed

Skroubis G, Sakellaropoulos G, Pouggouras K, Mead N, Nikiforidis G, Kalfarentzos F. Comparison of nutritional deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and after biliopancreatic diversion with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2002;12:551–558. PubMed

Slater GH, Ren CJ, Siegel N, Williams T, Barr D, Wolfe B, et al. Serum fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and abnormal calcium metabolism after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004;8:48–55. PubMed

Halverson JD. Micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Am Surg. 1986;52:594–598. PubMed

Avinoah E, Ovnat A, Charuzi I. Nutritional status seven years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surgery. 1992;111:137–142. PubMed

Brolin RE, Gorman RC, Milgrim LM, Kenler HA. Multivitamin prophylaxis in prevention of postgastric bypass vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1991;15:661–667. PubMed

Rhode BM, Arseneau P, Cooper BA, Katz M, Gilfix BM, MacLean LD. Vitamin B-12 deficiency after gastric surgery for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:103–109. PubMed

Schilling RF, Gohdes PN, Hardie GH. Vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:501–502. PubMed

Simon SR, Zemel R, Betancourt S, Zidar BL. Hematologic complications of gastric bypass for morbid obesity. South Med J. 1989;2:1108–1110. PubMed

Brolin RE, Gorman JH, Gorman RC, Petschenik AJ, Bradley LJ, Kenler HA, et al. Are vitamin B12 and folate deficiency clinically important after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass? J Gastrointest Surg. 1998;2:436–442. PubMed

Halverson JD. Metabolic risk of obesity surgery and long term follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55((suppl 2)):602S–605S. PubMed

Goode LR, Brolin RE, Chowdhury HA, Shapses SA. Bone and gastric bypass surgery: effects of dietary calcium and vitamin D. Obes Res. 2004;12:40–47. PubMed

Coates PS, Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH, Schauer PR, Greenspan SL. Gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity leads to an increase in bone turnover and a decrease in bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1061–1065. PubMed

Shaker JL, Norton AJ, Woods MF, Fallon MD, Findling JW. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia in women following gastric exclusion surgery for obesity. Osteoporos Int. 1991;1:177–181. PubMed

Abu-Abeid S, Keidar A, Gavert N, Blanc A, Szold A. The clinical spectrum of band erosion following laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for morbid obesity. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:861–863. PubMed

Jones KB., Jr Revisional bariatric surgery-safe and effective. Obes Surg. 2001;11:183–189. PubMed

Weber M, Muller MK, Michel JM, Belal R, Horber F, Hauser R, et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but not rebanding, should be proposed as rescue procedure for patients with failed laparoscopic gastric banding. Ann Surg. 2003;238:827–834. PubMed PMC

Dolan K, Fielding G. Bilio pancreatic diversion following failure of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:60–63. PubMed

Chevallier JM, Zinzindohoue F, Douard R, Blanche JP, Berta JL, Altman JJ, et al. Complications after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for morbid obesity: experience with 1,000 patients over 7 years. Obes Surg. 2004;14:407–414. PubMed

Iovino P, Angrisani L, Tremolaterra F, Nirchio E, Ciannella M, Borrelli V, et al. Abnormal esophageal acid exposure is common in morbidly obese patients and improves after a successful Lap-band system implantation. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1631–1635. PubMed

Niville E, Dams A. Late pouch dilation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric and esophagogastric banding: incidence, treatment, and outcome. Obes Surg. 1999;9:381–384. PubMed

Sanyal AJ, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Engle KM, Wolfe L. Stomal complications of gastric bypass: incidence and outcome of therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:165–169. PubMed

Weiner R, Theodoridou S, Weiner S. Failure of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy - further procedure? Obes Facts. 2011;4(suppl 1):42–46. PubMed PMC

Barba CA, Butensky MS, Lorenzo M, Newman R. Endoscopic dilation of gastroesophageal anastomosis stricture after gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:416–420. PubMed

Schauer PR, Ikrammudin S, Gourash W, Ramanathan R, Luketich J. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2000;232:515–529. PubMed PMC

Spaulding L. Treatment of dilated gastrojejunostomy with sclerotherapy. Obes Surg. 2003;13:254–257. PubMed

Anthone GJ, Lord RV, DeMeester TR, Crookes PF. The duodenal switch operation for the treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2003;238:618–628. PubMed PMC

Bloomberg RD, Urbach DR. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for severe gastroesophageal reflux after vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg. 2002;12:408–411. PubMed

Cowan GS., Jr Bariatric surgical utterances: need they be dogmatic? Obes Surg. 1999;9:3–4. PubMed

Cowan GS., Jr Obligations of the bariatric surgeon. Obes Surg. 2000;10:498–501. PubMed

Pharmacotherapy as an Augmentation to Bariatric Surgery for Obesity

Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Quantify Fat and Steatosis in the Pancreas in Patients after Bariatric Surgery: a Retrospective Study

Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Women after Various Bariatric Operations

Comment on the Paper by Uerlich et al: Obesity Management in Europe: Current Status and Objectives for the Future. Obes Facts 2016;9:273-283

Tolerability and safety of the new anti-obesity medications