Grassland is of major importance for agricultural production and provides valuable ecosystem services. Its impact is likely to rise in changing socio-economic and climatic environments. High yielding forage grass species are major components of sustainable grassland production. Understanding the genome structure and function of grassland species provides opportunities to accelerate crop improvement and thus to mitigate the future challenges of increased feed and food demand, scarcity of natural resources such as water and nutrients, and high product qualities. In this review, we will discuss a selection of technological developments that served as main drivers to generate new insights into the structure and function of nuclear genomes. Many of these technologies were originally developed in human or animal science and are now increasingly applied in plant genomics. Our main goal is to highlight the benefits of using these technologies for forage and turf grass genome research, to discuss their potentials and limitations as well as their relevance for future applications.

Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Institute of Experimental Botany Šlechtitelů 31 CZ 78371 Olomouc Holice Czech Republic

Forage Crop Genetics Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zurich Universitaetsstrasse 2 8092 Zurich Switzerland

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Exploiting repetitive sequences and BAC clones in Festuca pratensis karyotyping