Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious medical condition occurring in patients with polytrauma, pulmonary or non-pulmonary sepsis, pneumonia and many other circumstances. It causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with a systemic release of inflammatory mediators, causing consequential lung tissue injury, hypoxemia and frequently multiple organ failure. The aim of current study was to describe expression of inflammatory markers (myeloperoxidase, CD163 and vascular endothelial growth factor) by the cells in acute phase of ARDS. The lung samples of a 20-year-old man who had suffered a serious motorbike accident were obtained for histological examination. He died on the seventh day as a consequence of respiratory failure. Our results imply that expression of CD163 was restricted to activated alveolar macrophages and monocytes. Immunopositivityof MPO was observed in neutrophil granulocytes within lung alveoli and lung blood vessels. Myeloperoxidase positivity was observed in alveolar macrophages, too. Vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, small-sized alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes localized mostly inside lung alveoli. On the contrary, no positivity was observed in lung endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Šrobárova 2 Košice Slovak Republic

Department of Medical Biology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Bratislava Slovak Republic

Department of Traumatology Faculty of Medicine Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital Rastislavova 43 Košice Slovak Republic

International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University Pekarska 53 656 91 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Crimi E, Slutsky AS. Inflammation and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2004;18:477–492. PubMed

The Berlin Definition. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2012:307. PubMed

Cranshawand JH, Griffiths JD. Inflammatory processes in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 2003;14:66–73.

Schütte H, Lohmeyer J, Rosseau S, Ziegler S, Siebert C, Kielisch H, Pralle H, Grimminger F, Morr H, Seeger W. Bronchoalveolar and systemic cytokine profiles in patients with ARDS, severe pneumonia and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Eur Resp J. 1996;9:1858–1867. PubMed

Suter PM, Suter S, Girardin E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, Dayer JM. High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock, or sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1016–1022. PubMed

Tóth S, Pingorová S, Jonecová Z, Morochovic R, Pomfy M, Veselá J. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome and alveolar epithelium apoptosis: an histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2009;3:431–4. PubMed

Sugamata R, Dobashi H, Nagao T, et al. Contribution of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase in the early phase of fulminant acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by influenza virus infection. Microbiol Immunol. 2012;56:171–182. PubMed

Grattendick K, Stuart R, Roberts E, Lincoln J, Lefkowitz SS, Bollen A, Moguilevsky N, Friedman H, Lefkowitz DL. Alveolar Macrophage Activation by Myeloperoxidase: a Model for Exacerbation of Lung Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;26:716–722. PubMed

Lee A, Whyte MK, Haslett C. Inhibition of apoptosis and prolongation of neutrophil functional longevity by inflammatory mediators. J Leukoc Biol. 1993;54:283–288. PubMed

Kennedy AD, DeLeo FR. Neutrophil apoptosis and the resolution of infection. Immunol Res. 2009;43:25–61. PubMed

Rosseau S, Hammerl P, Maus U, Walmrath HD, Schütte H, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. Phenotypic characterization of alveolar monocyte recruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000;279:L25–35. PubMed

Maus U, Herold S, Muth H, Maus R, Ermert L, Ermert M, Weissmann N, Rosseau S, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Lohmeyer J. Monocytes recruited into the alveolar air space of mice show a monocytic phenotype but upregulate CD14. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;280:L58–68. PubMed

Maus U, Herold S, Muth H, Maus R, Ermert L, Ermert M, Weissmann N, Rosseau S, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Lohmeyer J. The role of CC chemokine receptor 2 in alveolar monocyte and neutrophil immigration in intact mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:268–73. PubMed

Fabriek BO, Dijkstra CD, van den Berg TK. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163. Immunobiology. 2005;210:153–60. PubMed

Wenzel I, Roth J, Sorg C. Identification of a novel surface molecule, RM3/1, that contributes to the adhesion of glucocorticoid-induced human monocytes to endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol. 1996;26:2758–2763. PubMed

Zwadlo-Klarwasser G, Bent S, Haubeck HD, Sorg C, Schmutzler W. Glucocorticoid-induced appearance of the macrophage subtype RM 3/1 in peripheral blood of man. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990;91:175–180. PubMed

Franzè E, Caruso R, Stolfi C, Sarra M, Cupi ML, Caprioli F, Monteleone I, Zorzi F, De Nitto D, Colantoni A, Biancone L, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Lesional accumulation of CD163-expressing cells in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69839. PubMed PMC

Taichman NS, Young S, Cruchley AT, Taylor P, Paleolog E. Human neutrophils secrete vascular endothelial growth factor. J Leukoc Biol. 1997;62:397–400. PubMed

Mura M, Binnie M, Han B, Li C, Andrade CF, Shiozaki A, Zhang Y, Ferrara N, Hwang D, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Functions of type II pneumocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor in alveolar structure, acute inflammation, and vascular permeability. Am J Pathol. 2010;176:1725–34. PubMed PMC

Signorelli S, Jennings P, Leonard MO, Pfaller W. Differential effects of hypoxic stress in alveolar epithelial cells and microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2010;25:135–44. PubMed

Neutrophil phenotypes in bronchial airways differentiate single from dual responding allergic asthmatics