Owing to the complex nature of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), whereby monitoring of human case patients does not suffice, public health authorities experience challenges in surveillance and control of VBDs. Knowledge on the presence and distribution of vectors and the pathogens that they transmit is vital to the risk assessment process to permit effective early warning, surveillance, and control of VBDs. Upon accepting this reality, public health authorities face an ever-increasing range of possible surveillance targets and an associated prioritization process. Here, we propose a comprehensive approach that integrates three surveillance strategies: population-based surveillance, disease-based surveillance, and context-based surveillance for EU member states to tailor the best surveillance strategy for control of VBDs in their geographic region. By classifying the surveillance structure into five different contexts, we hope to provide guidance in optimizing surveillance efforts. Contextual surveillance strategies for VBDs entail combining organization and data collection approaches that result in disease intelligence rather than a preset static structure.

Avia GIS Zoersel Belgium

Centre for Monitoring of Vectors Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Wageningen Netherlands

Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven Netherlands

Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France

CIRAD UMR CMAEE Montpellier France ; INRA UMR CMAEE 1309 Montpellier France

Medical Entomology Group MRA Emergency Response Department Public Health England Salisbury UK

Medical Zoology Laboratory Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences v v i Brno Czech Republic ; Faculty of Science Department of Experimental Biology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Public Health Agency of Sweden Solna Sweden

Research Laboratory for Vector Borne Diseases Queen Astrid Military Hospital Brussels Belgium

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Role of invasive carnivores (Procyon lotor and Nyctereutes procyonoides) in epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens: molecular survey from the Czech Republic