Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode, invades host roots and induces a specific syncytial feeding structure, from which it withdraws all required nutrients, causing severe yield losses. The system H. schachtii-Arabidopsis is an excellent research model for investigating plant defence mechanisms. Such responses are suppressed in well-established syncytia, whereas they are induced during early parasitism. However, the mechanisms by which the defence responses are modulated and the role of phytohormones are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of hormone-based defence responses at the onset of nematode infection. First, concentrations of main phytohormones were quantified and the expression of several hormone-related genes was analysed using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR or GeneChip. Further, the effects of individual hormones were evaluated via nematode attraction and infection assays using plants with altered endogenous hormone concentrations. Our results suggest a pivotal and positive role for ethylene during nematode attraction, whereas jasmonic acid triggers early defence responses against H. schachtii. Salicylic acid seems to be a negative regulator during later syncytium and female development. We conclude that nematodes are able to impose specific changes in hormone pools, thus modulating hormone-based defence and signal transduction in strict dependence on their parasitism stage.

Division of Plant Protection Department of Crop Sciences University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences UFT Tulln Konrad Lorenz Str 24 3430 Tulln Austria

Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Department Molecular Phytomedicine University Bonn Karlrobert Kreiten Str 13 D 53115 Bonn Germany

Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojová 263 165 02 Prague 6 Lysolaje Czech Republic

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Heterodera schachtii Tyrosinase-like protein - a novel nematode effector modulating plant hormone homeostasis

Systemic above- and belowground cross talk: hormone-based responses triggered by Heterodera schachtii and shoot herbivores in Arabidopsis thaliana