As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.

Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre King George's Medical University Lucknow UP 226003 India

Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency Bologna 40126 Italy

Center for Genomic Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Milan 16163 Italy and

Center for Radiological Research Columbia University Medical Center New York NY 10032 USA Instituto de Alta Investigacion Universidad de Tarapaca Arica 8097877 Chile

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada

Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Polyclinic Plexus University of Palermo 90127 Palermo Italy

Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Polyclinic Plexus University of Palermo 90127 Palermo Italy Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine College of Science and Technology Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA

Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University Putra Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia

Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences Life Sciences Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada

Department of Cytokinetics Institute of Biophysics AS CR Brno 612 65 Czech Republic

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Colorado School of Public Health Fort Collins CO 80523 1680 USA

Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Firenze 50134 Florence Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08901 1914 USA

Department of Natural Science The City University of New York at Hostos Campus Bronx NY 10451 USA

Department of Pathology Kuwait University Safat 13110 Kuwait

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ 60503 USA

Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 980033 USA

Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute Atlanta GA 30322 USA Department of Pathology Kuwait University Safat 13110 Kuwait Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Firenze 50134 Florence Italy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Colorado School of Public Health Fort Collins CO 80523 1680 USA Center for Radiological Research Columbia University Medical Center New York NY 10032 USA Instituto de Alta Investigacion Universidad de Tarapaca Arica 8097877 Chile Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Pediatrics Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08901 1914 USA Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency Bologna 40126 Italy Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 980033 USA Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Polyclinic Plexus University of Palermo 90127 Palermo Italy Mediterranean Institute of Oncology 95029 Viagrande Italy Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology School of Osteopathic Medicine Rowan University Stratford NJ 08084 1501 USA Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University Putra Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontari

Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Pediatrics Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA

Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Environmental Health Sciences Center Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology School of Osteopathic Medicine Rowan University Stratford NJ 08084 1501 USA

Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council 27100 Pavia Italy

Instituto de Alta Investigacion Universidad de Tarapaca Arica 8097877 Chile

Mediterranean Institute of Oncology 95029 Viagrande Italy

Molecular Oncology Program Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 USA

Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA

Toxicology Research Division Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A0K9 Canada

Urology Dept kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine Cairo University El Manial Cairo 12515 Egypt

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