Biobanks are an important compound of personalized medicine and strongly support the scientific progress in stratification of population and biomarker discovery and validation due to progress in personalized medicine. Biobanks are an essential tool for new drug discoveries and drug development. Biobanks play an important role in the whole process of patient prevention and prediction, follow-up, and therapy monitoring and optimalization. Biobanks have the specificity in that they cover multidisciplinary approach to the human health combining biological and medical approaches, as well as informative bioinformatics technologies, computationing, and modeling. The importance of biobanks has during the last decade increased in variety and capacity from small collections of samples to large-scale national or international repositories. Collected samples are population-based, disease-specific or rare diseases originating from a diverse profile of individuals. There are various purposes of biobanks, such as diagnostics, pharmacology, or research. Biobanks involve, store, and operate with specific personal information, and as a consequence, such a diversity of biobanking is associated with a broad spectrum of ethical and legal issues. Biobanks are an international phenomenon because any single country, state, or society at the moment is not able to cover all issues involving the whole biobank problematic. Biobanks have an enormous innovative potential in the whole process of biomedical research in the twenty-first century.

Faculty Hospital in Pilsen Edvarda Benese 1128 13 305 99 Plzen Czech Republic ; Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen Lidicka 1 301 00 Plzen Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Personalized Medicine Coalition. The case for personalized medicine. 4th Edition 2014; available at: http://www.personalizedmedicinecoalition.org/Userfiles/PMC-Corporate/file/pmc_case_for_personalized_medicine.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Parks A. 10 ideas changing the world right now. Time. 2009; 173(11). http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884766,00.html. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S, Lewis S, Hansell AL, Palmer LJ, Burton PR. Genetic epidemiology and public health: hope, hype, and future prospects. Lancet. 2005;366:1484–98. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67601-5. PubMed DOI

OECD Creation and Governance of Human Genetic Research Databases, OECD. Paris. Glossary of Statistical Terms. 2006; available at http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=7220. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

OECD . Guidelines on human biobanks and genetic research databases. 2009. PubMed

2012 best practices for repositories collection, storage, retrieval, and distribution of biological materials for research. International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories. Biopreserv Biobank. 2012; 10:79-161. doi:10.1089/bio.2012.1022. PubMed

Zika E, Paci D, Bäumen S, Braun A, RijKers-Defrasne S, Deschênes M, et al. Biobanks in Europe: prospects for harmonisation and networking. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2010.

Assabler M, Zatloukal K. Biobanks: transnational, European and global network. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic. 2007;6(3):193–201. doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elm023. PubMed DOI

Kauffmann F, Cambon-Thomsen A. Tracing biological collections: between books and clinical trials. JAMA. 2008;299(19):2316–8. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.19.2316. PubMed DOI

Artene S-A, Ciurea ME, Purcaru SO, Tache DE, Tataranu LG, Lupu M et al. Biobanking in a constantly developing medical world. Sci World J. 2013; doi.org/10.1155/2013/343275. PubMed PMC

Yan Q. Toward the integration of personalized and systems medicine: challenges, opportunities and approaches. Pers Med. 2011;8(11):1–4. doi: 10.2217/pme.10.77. PubMed DOI

The age of Personalized Medicine. Personalized medicine fact sheets http://www.personalizedmedicinecoalition.org/Userfiles/PMC-Corporate/file/pmc_age_of_pmc_factsheet.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Hewitt RE. Biobanking: the foundation of personalized medicine. Curr Op Oncol. 2011;23:112–9. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32834161b8. PubMed DOI

Makarow M, Højgaard L. Population surveys and biobanking. Eur Sci Found Policy Breefing. 2008; 32: http://www.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publications/SPB32_Biobanking.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Zatloukal K, Hainaut P. Human tissue biobanks as instruments for drug discovery and development: impact on personalized medicine. Biomark Med. 2010;4(6):895–903. doi: 10.2217/bmm.10.104. PubMed DOI

Fransson MN, Rial-Sebbag E, Brochhausen M, Litton JE. Toward a common language for biobanking. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23:22–8. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.45. PubMed DOI PMC

Vaught JB, Henderson MK, Compton CC. Biospecimens and biorepositoies: from afterthought to science. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(2):253–5. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1179. PubMed DOI PMC

Eiseman E, Haga SB. Handbook of human tissue sources. A national resource of human tissue samples. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation; 1999.

De Souza YG, Greenspan JS. Biobanking past, present and future: responsibilities and benefits. AIDS. 2013;27(3):303–12. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835c1244. PubMed DOI PMC

Harris JR, Burton P, Knoppers BM, Lindpaintner K, Bledsoe M, Brookes AJ, et al. Toward a roadmap in global biobanking for health. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012;20(11):1105–11. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.96. PubMed DOI PMC

Marodin G, França P, Rocha JCC, Campos AH. Biobanking for health research in Brazil: present challenges and future directions. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012;31(6):523–8. doi: 10.1590/S1020-49892012000600012. PubMed DOI

WHO, International Agency for Research on Cancer . Common minimum technical standards and protocols for biological resource centres dedicated to cancer research. France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007. PubMed

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute. Best practices for biospecimen resources. 2011. http://biospecimens.cancer.gov/bestpractices/2011-NCIbestpractices.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Hawkins AK. Biobanks: importance, implications and opportunities for genetic counselors. J Gen Couns. 2010;19(5):423–9. doi: 10.1007/s10897-010-9305-1. PubMed DOI

Gibbons SMC. Regulating biobanks: a twelve-point typological tool. Med Law Rev. 2009;17:313–46. doi: 10.1093/medlaw/fwp016. PubMed DOI

biomedinvo4all. http://www.biomedinvo4all.com/en/research-themes/medical-data-and-biobanks/medical-data-and-biobanks-basics. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Gottweis H, Zatloukal K. Biobank governance: trends and perspectives. Pathobiology. 2007;74(4):206–11. doi: 10.1159/000104446. PubMed DOI

Rebulla P, Lecchi L, Giovanelli S, Butti B, Salvaterra E. Biobanking in the year 2007. Transfus Med Hemother. 2007;34:286–92. doi: 10.1159/000103922. DOI

Global biobank directory, tissue banks and biorepositories (http://specimencentral.com/biobank-directory/). Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

O’Doherty KC, Burgess MM, Edwards K, Gallagher RP, Hawkins AK, Kaye J, et al. From consent to institutions: designing adaptive governance for genomic biobanks. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73:367–74. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.046. PubMed DOI

Gottweis H, Lauss G. Biobank governance: heterogeneous modes of ordering and democratization. J Community Genet. 2012;3(2):61–72. doi: 10.1007/s12687-011-0070-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Mora M, Angellini C, Bignami A, Bodin A-M, Crimi M, Di Donato J-H, et al. The EuroBioBank Network: 10 years of hands-on experience of collaborative, transnational biobanking for rare diseases. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23(9):1116–23. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.272. PubMed DOI PMC

Innovative Medicines Initiative 2, 2009-2014. http://www.iscintelligence.com/archivos_subidos/5_fatiha_sadallah_imi2-_2009=2014_vf.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Yuille M, van Ommen G-J, Bréchot C, Cambon-Thomsen A, Dagher G, Landegren U. Biobanking for Europe. Brief Bioinform. 2007;9(1):14–24. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbm050. PubMed DOI

Simon J, Paslack R, Robienski J, Cooper DN, Goebel JW, Krawczak M. A legal framework for biobanking: the German experience. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15:528–32. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201810. PubMed DOI

Budimir D, Polašek O, Marušić A, Kolčić I, Zemunik T, Boraska V, et al. Ethical aspects of human biobanks: a systematic review. Croat Med J. 2011;52(3):262–79. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.262. PubMed DOI PMC

Cambon-Thomsen A, Rial-Sebbag E, Knoppers BM. Trends in ethical and legal frameworks for the use of human biobanks. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(2):373–82. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00165006. PubMed DOI

Hawkins AK, O’Doherty KC. “Who owns your poop?” Insights regarding the intersection of human microbiome research and the ELSI aspects of biobanking and related studies. BMC Med Genomics. 2011;4:72. doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-72. PubMed DOI PMC

European Commission . Ethics for researchers. Facilitating research excellence in FP7. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2013.

ICH Harmonised tripartite Guideline. Definitions for genomic biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, genomic data and sample coding categories, 2007; E 15. Vol. 73. The US Federal Register 2008. http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E15/Step4/E15_Guideline.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Lunshof JE, Chadwick R, Vorhaus DB, Church GM. From genetic privacy to open consent. Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9(5):406–11. doi: 10.1038/nrg2360. PubMed DOI

Decision No 1982/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007 – 2013). Off J Eur Union. 2006;L 412:1-40.

Vaz M, Vaz M, Srinivasan K. Ethical challenges in biobanking: moving the agenda forward in India. Indian J Med Ethics. 2014;11(2):79–88. PubMed

Fortier I, Doiron D, Burton P, Raina P. Invited commentary: consolidating data harmonization—how to obtain quality and applicability. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:261–4. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr194. PubMed DOI

Guerin JS, Murray DW, McGrath MM, Yuille MA, McPartlin JM, Doran PP. Molecular medicine Ireland guidelines for standardized biobanking. Biopreserv Biobank. 2010;8:3–63. doi: 10.1089/bio.2010.8101. PubMed DOI

Barabasi AL, Gulbahce N, Loscalzo J. Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:56–68. doi: 10.1038/nrg2918. PubMed DOI PMC

Sobradillo P, Pozo F, Agustí A. P4 Medicine: the future around the corner. Arch Bronconeumol. 2011;47(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2010.09.009. PubMed DOI

Golubnitschaja O, Costigliola V, EPMA General report & recommendations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine 2012: white paper of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine. EPMA J. 2012;3(1):14. doi: 10.1186/1878-5085-3-14. PubMed DOI PMC

Golubnitschaja O, Kinkorova J, Costigliola V. Predictive, preventive and personalised medicine as the hardcore of “Horizon 2020”: EPMA position paper. EPMA J. 2014;5(1):6. doi: 10.1186/1878-5085-5-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Golubnitschaja O, Costigliola V. EPMA summit 2014 under the auspices of the presidency of Italy in the EU: professional statements. EPMA J. 2015;6(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13167-015-0026-2. PubMed DOI PMC

http://www.isqua.org/education/partner-activities/the-office-of-biobank-education-and-research. Accessed 15 Dec 2015.

Riegman PH, Morente MM, Betsou F, de Blasio P, Geary P. Biobanking for better healthcare. Mol Oncol. 2008;2:213–22. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.07.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society

Biobanks in the era of big data: objectives, challenges, perspectives, and innovations for predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine