Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are key molecules participating in protein synthesis. To augment their functionality they undergo extensive post-transcriptional modifications and, as such, are subject to regulation at multiple levels including transcription, transcript processing, localization and ribonucleoside base modification. Post-transcriptional enzyme-catalyzed modification of tRNA occurs at a number of base and sugar positions and influences specific anticodon-codon interactions and regulates translation, its efficiency and fidelity. This phenomenon of nucleoside modification is most remarkable and results in a rich structural diversity of tRNA of which over 100 modified nucleosides have been characterized. Most often these hypermodified nucleosides are found in the wobble position of tRNAs, where they play a direct role in codon recognition as well as in maintaining translational efficiency and fidelity, etc. Several recent studies have pointed to a link between defects in tRNA modifications and human diseases including neurological disorders. Therefore, defects in tRNA modifications in humans need intensive characterization at the enzymatic and mechanistic level in order to pave the way to understand how lack of such modifications are associated with neurological disorders with the ultimate goal of gaining insights into therapeutic interventions.

Department of Biochemistry and Physiology Institute of Entomology Biology Centre Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice Czechia

Department of Natural Sciences Stillman CollegeTuscaloosa AL USA

Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS USA

Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS USA

Molecular Biosciences Program Arkansas State UniversityJonesboro AR USA

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