The rapid spread of highly aggressive arboviruses, parasites, and bacteria along with the development of resistance in the pathogens and parasites, as well as in their arthropod vectors, represents a huge challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine. Eco-friendly vector control programs are crucial to fight, besides malaria, the spread of dengue, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika virus, as well as other arboviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. However, research efforts on the control of mosquito vectors are experiencing a serious lack of eco-friendly and highly effective pesticides, as well as the limited success of most biocontrol tools currently applied. Most importantly, a cooperative interface between the two disciplines is still lacking. To face this challenge, we have reviewed a wide number of promising results in the field of green-fabricated pesticides tested against mosquito vectors, outlining several examples of synergy with classic biological control tools. The non-target effects of green-fabricated nanopesticides, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and impact on behavioral traits of mosquito predators, have been critically discussed. In the final section, we have identified several key challenges at the interface between "green" nanotechnology and classic biological control, which deserve further research attention.

Crop Research Institute Drnovska 507 16106 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Agriculture Food and Environment University of Pisa via del Borghetto 80 56124 Pisa Italy

Department of Biotechnology Thiruvalluvar University Serkkadu Vellore Tamil Nadu 632 115 India

Department of Botany and Microbiology College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering National Central University Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan

Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology 43400 Serdang Malaysia

Department of Veterinary Parasitology Babol Branch Islamic Azad University Babol Iran

Institute of Marine Biology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung 20224 Taiwan

Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab Department of Animal Health and Management Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamil Nadu 630004 India

School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Via Sant'Agostino 1 62032 Camerino Italy

Unit of Vector Control Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology Department of Zoology Annamalai University Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu 608 002 India

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