Metabolomes, as chemical phenotypes of organisms, are likely not only shaped by the environment but also by common ancestry. If this is the case, we expect that closely related species of pines will tend to reach similar metabolomic solutions to the same environmental stressors. We examined the metabolomes of two sympatric subspecies of Pinus sylvestris in Sierra Nevada (southern Iberian Peninsula), in summer and winter and exposed to folivory by the pine processionary moth. The overall metabolomes differed between the subspecies but both tended to respond more similarly to folivory. The metabolomes of the subspecies were more dissimilar in summer than in winter, and iberica trees had higher concentrations of metabolites directly related to drought stress. Our results are consistent with the notion that certain plant metabolic responses associated with folivory have been phylogenetically conserved. The larger divergence between subspecies metabolomes in summer is likely due to the warmer and drier conditions that the northern iberica subspecies experience in Sierra Nevada. Our results provide crucial insights into how iberica populations would respond to the predicted conditions of climate change under an increased defoliation in the Mediterranean Basin.

CREAF Bellaterra Barcelona Spain

CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF CSIC UAB Bellaterra Barcelona Spain

Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine CA USA

Environmental Molecular Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA

Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986 4a 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

Grupo de Ecología Terrestre Departamento de Biología Animal y Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain

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We Are What We Eat: A Stoichiometric and Ecometabolomic Study of Caterpillars Feeding on Two Pine Subspecies of Pinus sylvestris