AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Diabetes is one of the cardinal features of thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anaemia (TRMA) syndrome. Current knowledge of this rare monogenic diabetes subtype is limited. We investigated the genotype, phenotype and response to thiamine (vitamin B1) in a cohort of individuals with TRMA-related diabetes. METHODS: We studied 32 individuals with biallelic SLC19A2 mutations identified by Sanger or next generation sequencing. Clinical details were collected through a follow-up questionnaire. RESULTS: We identified 24 different mutations, of which nine are novel. The onset of the first TRMA symptom ranged from birth to 4 years (median 6 months [interquartile range, IQR 3-24]) and median age at diabetes onset was 10 months (IQR 5-27). At presentation, three individuals had isolated diabetes and 12 had asymptomatic hyperglycaemia. Follow-up data was available for 15 individuals treated with thiamine for a median 4.7 years (IQR 3-10). Four patients were able to stop insulin and seven achieved better glycaemic control on lower insulin doses. These 11 patients were significantly younger at diabetes diagnosis (p = 0.042), at genetic testing (p = 0.01) and when starting thiamine (p = 0.007) compared with the rest of the cohort. All patients treated with thiamine became transfusion-independent and adolescents achieved normal puberty. There were no additional benefits of thiamine doses >150 mg/day and no reported side effects up to 300 mg/day. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In TRMA syndrome, diabetes can be asymptomatic and present before the appearance of other features. Prompt recognition is essential as early treatment with thiamine can result in improved glycaemic control, with some individuals becoming insulin-independent. DATA AVAILABILITY: SLC19A2 mutation details have been deposited in the Decipher database ( https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/ ).

Broad Institutes of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA

Department of Genetics and Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Department of Paediatrics Charles University Medical Faculty and University Hospital Pilsen Pilsen Czech Republic

Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt

Growth and Development Research Centre University of Tehran Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Hospital María De Especialidades Pediatricas Tegucigalpa Honduras

Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science University of Exeter Medical School Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Barrack Road Exeter EX2 5DW UK

Kanchi Kamakoh Child Trust Hospital Chennai India

Medical University Varna Bulgaria

Paediatric Department College of Medicine Taibah University Madinah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Paediatric Department Khartoum University Khartoum Sudan

Paediatric Department Maternity and Children's Hospital Dammam Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Paediatric Department Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital National Guard Ministry P O Box 40740 Al Madinah 41511 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Partners HealthCare Laboratory for Molecular Medicine Cambridge MA USA

Toronto General Hospital University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada

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