This review discusses the new biotechnological tools that are arising and promising for conservation and enhancement of fish production, mainly regarding the endangered and the most economically important species. Two main techniques, in particular, are available to avoid extinction of endangered fish species and to improve the production of commercial species. Germ cell transplantation technology includes a number of approaches that have been studied, such as the transplantation of embryo-to-embryo blastomere, embryo-to-embryo differentiated PGC, larvae to larvae and embryo differentiated PGC, transplantation of spermatogonia from adult to larvae or between adults, and oogonia transplantation. However, the success of germ cell transplantation relies on the prior sterilization of fish, which can be performed at different stages of fish species development by means of several protocols that have been tested in order to achieve the best approach to produce a sterile fish. Among them, fish hybridization and triploidization, germline gene knockdown, hyperthermia, and chemical treatment deserve attention based on important results achieved thus far. This review currently used technologies and knowledge about surrogate technology and fish sterilization, discussing the stronger and the weaker points of each approach.

Laboratory of Fish Biotechnology National Center for Research and Conservation of Continental Fish Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation Pirassununga São Paulo Brazil

Nishiura Station South Ehime Fisheries Research Center Ehime University Uchidomari Ainan Japan

PPG Biological Sciences Zoology UNESP Paulista State University Botucatu São Paulo Brazil

PPG in Animal Biology UNESP Paulista State University São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil

Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Vodnany Czech Republic

UNIFESSPA Federal University of South and Southeast of Para Institute for Health and Biological Studies IESB Faculty of Biology FACBIO Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior Marabá Para Brazil

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Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Fish: Characterization, Isolation, Enrichment, and Recent Advances of In Vitro Culture Systems