BACKGROUND: Although they form a unitary phenomenon, the relationship between extracranial M/EEG and transmembrane ion flows is understood only as a general principle rather than as a well-articulated and quantified causal chain. METHOD: We present an integrated multiscale model, consisting of a neural simulation of thalamus and cortex during stage N2 sleep and a biophysical model projecting cortical current densities to M/EEG fields. Sleep spindles were generated through the interactions of local and distant network connections and intrinsic currents within thalamocortical circuits. 32,652 cortical neurons were mapped onto the cortical surface reconstructed from subjects' MRI, interconnected based on geodesic distances, and scaled-up to current dipole densities based on laminar recordings in humans. MRIs were used to generate a quasi-static electromagnetic model enabling simulated cortical activity to be projected to the M/EEG sensors. RESULTS: The simulated M/EEG spindles were similar in amplitude and topography to empirical examples in the same subjects. Simulated spindles with more core-dominant activity were more MEG weighted. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Previous models lacked either spindle-generating thalamic neural dynamics or whole head biophysical modeling; the framework presented here is the first to simultaneously capture these disparate scales. CONCLUSIONS: This multiscale model provides a platform for the principled quantitative integration of existing information relevant to the generation of sleep spindles, and allows the implications of future findings to be explored. It provides a proof of principle for a methodological framework allowing large-scale integrative brain oscillations to be understood in terms of their underlying channels and synapses.

BioCiruits Institute University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States

Comprehensive Epilepsy Center New York University School of Medicine New York NY United States

Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States

Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Institute of Computer Science Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Departments of Neurosurgery Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States

Epilepsy Centrum National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences Budapest Hungary

Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics Peter Pazmany Catholic University Budapest Hungary; Department of Functional Neurosurgery National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences Budapest Hungary

Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology Hungarian Academy of Science Budapest Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics Peter Pazmany Catholic University Budapest Hungary

Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States

Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States

Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Departments of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States

Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Department of Radiology University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States

Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA United States; The Salk Institute La Jolla CA United States

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Python/NEURON code for simulating biophysically realistic thalamocortical dynamics during sleep