Selenium (Se) is a natural trace element, which shifts its action in a relatively narrow concentration range from nutritional role to toxicity. Although it has been well established that in plants chloroplasts are among the primary targets, the mechanism of toxicity on photosynthesis is not well understood. Here, we compared selenate and red-allotrope elemental selenium nanoparticles (red nanoSe) in in vitro tobacco cultures to investigate their effects on the structure and functions of the photosynthetic machinery. Selenate at 10 mg/L concentration retarded plant growth; it also led to a decreased chlorophyll content, accompanied with an increase in the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Structural examinations of the photosynthetic machinery, using electron microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy, revealed significant perturbation in the macro-organization of the pigment-protein complexes and sizeable shrinkage in the repeat distance of granum thylakoid membranes. As shown by chlorophyll a fluorescence transient measurements, these changes in the ultrastructure were associated with a significantly diminished photosystem II activity and a reduced performance of the photosynthetic electron transport, and an enhanced capability of non-photochemical quenching. These changes in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus explain, at least in part, the retarded growth of plantlets in the presence of 10 mg/L selenate. In contrast, red nanoSe, even at 100 mg/L and selenate at 1 mg/L, exerted no negative effect on the growth of plantlets and affected only marginally the thylakoid membrane ultrastructure and the photosynthetic functions.

Bio and Environmental Enegetics Inst Nano Food Lab Debrecen University Boszormenyi 138 Debrecen 4032 Hungary

Department of Agricultural Botany Plant Physiology and Biotechnology University of Debrecen Egyetem ter 1 Debrecen 4032 Hungary

Department of Crop Production and Applied Ecology University of Debrecen Boszormenyi 138 Debrecen 4032 Hungary

Department of Physics Faculty of Science Ostrava University Chittussiho 10 710 0 Ostrava Slezská Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Soil and Water Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh Uni 33516 Kafr El Sheikh Egypt

Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics Wigner Research Centre for Physics Hungarian Academy of Sciences POB 49 Budapest 1525 Hungary

Institute of Biophysics Biological Research Center Hungarian Academy of Sciences POB 521 Szeged 6701 Hungary

Institute of Plant Biology Biological Research Center Hungarian Academy of Sciences POB 521 Szeged 6701 Hungary

Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre Institute for Nuclear Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen 4026 Hungary

Laboratory for Neutron Scattering Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland

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