Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. With therapeutic consequences in mind, several risk scores are being used to differentiate individuals with low, intermediate or high cardiovascular (CV) event risk. The most appropriate management of intermediate risk individuals is still not known, therefore, novel biomarkers are being sought to help re-stratify them as low or high risk. This narrative review is presented in two parts. Here, in Part 1, we summarise current knowledge on serum (serological) biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Among novel biomarkers, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has emerged as the most promising in chronic situations, others need further clinical studies. However, it seems that a combination of serum biomarkers offers more to risk stratification than either biomarker alone. In Part 2, we address genetic and imaging markers of atherosclerosis, as well as other developments relevant to risk prediction.

1st Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia

2nd Department of Surgery Center for Vascular Disease Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine Brothers of Mercy Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Cardiology National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Slovak Medical University Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Functional Sciences Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara Romania; Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara Romania

Department of Medical Biology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava Martin Slovakia; Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis Division of Oncology Biomedical Center Martin Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava Martin Slovakia

Department of Nutrition Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies Slovak Medical University Bratislava Slovakia; Department of General Medicine Faculty of Medicine Slovak Medical University Bratislava Slovakia

Faculty of Medicine University of Oviedo Central University Hospital of Asturias Oviedo Spain

Faculty of Pharmacy University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

General Hospital Murska Sobota Murska Sobota Slovenia

Independent Researcher Mosjøen Norway

Institute of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Montreal Canada; Department of Cardiology The Adelaide and Meath Hospital Dublin Incorporating the National Children Hospital Dublin Ireland

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