It has long been known that hormones affect the interaction of a phytopathogen with its host plant. The pathogen can cause changes in plant hormone homeostasis directly by affecting biosynthesis or metabolism in the plant or by synthesizing and secreting the hormone itself. We previously demonstrated that pathogenic fungi of the Fusarium species complex are able to produce three major types of hormones: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. In this work, we explore changes in the levels of these hormones in maize and mango plant tissues infected with Fusarium. The ability to produce individual phytohormones varies significantly across Fusarium species and such differences likely impact host specificity inducing the unique responses noted in planta during infection. For example, the production of gibberellins by F. fujikuroi leads to elongated rice stalks and the suppression of gibberellin biosynthesis in plant tissue. Although all Fusarium species are able to synthesize auxin, sometimes by multiple pathways, the ratio of its free form and conjugates in infected tissue is affected more than the total amount produced. The recently characterized unique pathway for cytokinin de novo synthesis in Fusarium appears silenced or non-functional in all studied species during plant infection. Despite this, a large increase in cytokinin levels was detected in F. mangiferae infected plants, caused likely by the up-regulation of plant genes responsible for their biosynthesis. Thus, the accumulation of active cytokinins may contribute to mango malformation of the reproductive organs upon infection of mango trees. Together, our findings provide insight into the complex role fungal and plant derived hormones play in the fungal-plant interactions.

Department of Bioinformatics TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Munich Germany

Department of Metabolomics Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czechia

Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Department of Molecular Biology Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czechia

Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center Rishon LeZion Israel

Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Sopron University Sopron Hungary

Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster Münster Germany

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Olomouc Czechia

National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research United States Department of Agriculture Peoria IL United States

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