Much of the American Arctic was first settled 5,000 years ago, by groups of people known as Palaeo-Eskimos. They were subsequently joined and largely displaced around 1,000 years ago by ancestors of the present-day Inuit and Yup'ik1-3. The genetic relationship between Palaeo-Eskimos and Native American, Inuit, Yup'ik and Aleut populations remains uncertain4-6. Here we present genomic data for 48 ancient individuals from Chukotka, East Siberia, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic. We co-analyse these data with data from present-day Alaskan Iñupiat and West Siberian populations and published genomes. Using methods based on rare-allele and haplotype sharing, as well as established techniques4,7-9, we show that Palaeo-Eskimo-related ancestry is ubiquitous among people who speak Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut languages. We develop a comprehensive model for the Holocene peopling events of Chukotka and North America, and show that Na-Dene-speaking peoples, people of the Aleutian Islands, and Yup'ik and Inuit across the Arctic region all share ancestry from a single Palaeo-Eskimo-related Siberian source.

A A Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA

Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA

Department of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA

Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston IL USA

Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA

Department of Anthropology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA

Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara CA USA

Department of Anthropology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA

Department of Anthropology University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA

Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada

Department of Anthropology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Archaeogenetics Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA

Department of Modern and Classical Languages Western Washington University Bellingham WA USA

Francis Crick Institute London UK

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Institute for Systems Genomics University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA

Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences České Budĕjovice Czech Republic

Institutes of Energy and the Environment Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA

School of Archaeology University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna Cagliari Italy

Tanana Chiefs Conference Fairbanks AK USA

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Nature. 2019 Jun;570(7760):170-172. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-01374-5. PubMed

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