Introduction: The individualization of treatment is attractive, especially in children with high-risk cancer. In such a rare and very heterogeneous group of diseases, large population-based clinical randomized trials are not feasible without international collaboration. We therefore propose comparative patient series analysis in a real-life scenario. Methods: Open cohort observational study, comparative analysis. Seventy patients with high-risk solid tumors diagnosed between 2003 and 2015 and in whom the treatment was individualized either empirically or based on biomarkers were analyzed. The heterogeneity of the cohort and repeated measurements were advantageously utilized to increase effective sample size using appropriate statistical tools. Results: We demonstrated a beneficial effect of empirically given low-dose metronomic chemotherapy (HR 0.46 for relapses, p = 0.017) as well as various repurposed or targeted agents (HR 0.15 for deaths, p = 0.004) in a real-life scenario. However, targeted agents given on the basis of limited biological information were not beneficial. Conclusions: Comparative patient series analysis provides institutional-level evidence for treatment individualization in high-risk pediatric malignancies. Our findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive, multi omics assessment of the tumor and the host as well whenever molecularly driven targeted therapies are being considered. Low-dose metronomic chemotherapy or local control of the disease may be a more rational option in situations where targeted treatment cannot be justified by robust evidence and comprehensive biological information. "Targeted drugs" may be given empirically with a realistic benefit expectation when based on robust rationale.

CSTS Health Care Inc Toronto ON Canada

Department of Laboratory Medicine Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czechia

Department of Pathology University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czechia

Department of Pediatric Oncology University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czechia

International Clinical Research Centre St Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czechia

Laboratory of Molecular Pathology Department of Oncological Pathology Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czechia

Laboratory of Tumor Biology Department of Experimental Biology School of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia

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N-of-1 Trials in Pediatric Oncology: From a Population-Based Approach to Personalized Medicine-A Review