In recent years, a lot of scientific interest has focused on cancer immunotherapy. Although chronic inflammation has been described as one of the hallmarks of cancer, acute inflammation can actually trigger the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have long been used as adjuvants for traditional vaccines and it seems they may also play a role enhancing efficiency of tumor immunotherapy. The aim of this perspective is to discuss the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, expression of various TLRs in different types of tumors, and finally the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.

Cell Signaling Unit Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

Department of Medical Biosciences Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of Microbial Pathogenesis University of Maryland School of Dentistry Baltimore MD United States

International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science University of Gdaǹsk Gdaǹsk Poland

Laboratory of Immune System Biology Bethesda MD United States

Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies Department of Family Medicine Medical University of Gdaǹsk Gdaǹsk Poland

Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czechia

Université Paris 7 INSERM UMR 1162 Paris France

University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD United States

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Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands, Anti-CD40 Antibody (MBTA) Vaccine Immunotherapy: A Review of Current Evidence and Applications in Glioblastoma

Induction of Immune Response Against Metastatic Tumors via Vaccination of Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands and Anti-CD40 Antibody (MBTA)