Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells that exist at very low numbers in healthy subjects but can expand significantly in malignant, infectious, and chronic inflammatory diseases. These cells are characterized as early-MDSCs, monocytic-MDSCs, and polymorphonuclear-MDSCs and can be studied on the basis of their immunophenotypic characteristics and their functional properties to suppress T-cell activation and proliferation. MDSCs have emerged as important contributors to tumor expansion and chronic inflammation progression by inducing immunosuppressive mechanisms, angiogenesis and drug resistance. Most experimental and clinical studies concerning MDSCs have been mainly focused on solid tumors. In recent years, however, the implication of MDSCs in the immune dysregulation associated with hematologic malignancies, immune-mediated cytopenias and allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation has been documented and the potential role of these cells as biomarkers and therapeutic targets has started to attract a particular interest in hematology. The elucidation of the molecular and signaling pathways associated with the generation, expansion and function of MDSCs in malignant and immune-mediated hematologic diseases and the clarification of mechanisms related to the circulation and the crosstalk of MDSCs with malignant cells and other components of the immune system are anticipated to lead to novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes all available evidence on the implication of MDSCs in hematologic diseases highlighting the challenges and perspectives arising from this novel field of research.

Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins Santiago Chile

CHU de Rennes Pole de Biologie Rennes France

Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway

Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Immunology and Microbiology Hollings Cancer Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA

Department of Molecular Oncology Institute for Medical Research University of Belgrade Belgrade Republic of Serbia

Division of Hematology Department of Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway

Graduate Program Molecular Basis of Human Disease School of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece

Hemopoiesis Research Laboratory School of Medicine University of Crete and Department of Hematology University Hospital of Heraklion Heraklion Greece

INSERM UMR U1236 Université Rennes 1 EFS Bretagne Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Rennes France

Laboratoire d'Hématologie CHU Pontchaillou Rennes Cedex France

Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells Institute for Medical Research University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR Prague Czech Republic

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Genetic Influence on Frequencies of Myeloid-Derived Cell Subpopulations in Mouse