Anuran filarial nematodes are restricted to two comparatively small subfamilies (Icosiellinae and Waltonellinae) of the filariae that currently comprise six genera and 41 recognised species. However, the life histories of only five anuran filarial nematodes, proposed as an ancestral group based on molecular phylogenetic studies, have been elucidated. Furthermore, data on the natural vectors (in situ) and parasite transmission is limited. In the current study we elucidate the life history of Neofoleyellides boerewors n. gen. n. sp. parasitising the guttural toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis and the mosquito vectors Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) mashonaensis and Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) montana. Additionally, we report on the unique host-seeking behaviour of the mosquito vectors which locate their toad hosts using their calls. The complex host-vector relationship and specialised host-seeking behaviour by these mosquitoes indicate biases towards host species and male toad infections.

Hasselt University Centre for Environmental Sciences Research Group Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology Agoralaan Gebouw D B 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium; Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 CZ 611 37 Brno Czech Republic; Zoology Unit Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki P O Box 17 FI 00014 Helsinki Finland; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics University of Leuven Charles Debériotstraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium

Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North West University Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa

Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North West University Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa; Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics 1 I Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine 15 B Khmelnytskogo str 01030 Kyiv Ukraine; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Somerset Street Grahamstown 6140 South Africa

Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North West University Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Debériotstraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium

Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North West University Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Somerset Street Grahamstown 6140 South Africa

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An overview of the Dactylosomatidae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae), with the description of Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. parasitising Ptychadena anchietae and Sclerophrys gutturalis from South Africa