BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is a key contributor to the global burden of disease and disproportionately impacts the wellbeing of people experiencing mental illness. Increases in physical activity are associated with improvements in symptoms of mental illness and reduction in cardiometabolic risk. Reliable and valid clinical tools that assess physical activity would improve evaluation of intervention studies that aim to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in people living with mental illness. METHODS: The five-item Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) was developed by a multidisciplinary, international working group as a clinical tool to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour in people living with mental illness. Patients with a DSM or ICD mental illness diagnoses were recruited and completed the SIMPAQ on two occasions, one week apart. Participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer and completed brief cognitive and clinical assessments. RESULTS: Evidence of SIMPAQ validity was assessed against accelerometer-derived measures of physical activity. Data were obtained from 1010 participants. The SIMPAQ had good test-retest reliability. Correlations for moderate-vigorous physical activity was comparable to studies conducted in general population samples. Evidence of validity for the sedentary behaviour item was poor. An alternative method to calculate sedentary behaviour had stronger evidence of validity. This alternative method is recommended for use in future studies employing the SIMPAQ. CONCLUSIONS: The SIMPAQ is a brief measure of physical activity and sedentary behaviour that can be reliably and validly administered by health professionals.

Adult Psychiatric Clinics University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Association of early intervention in mental disorders Cambiare la Rotta Onlus Milano Italy

Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse Research Center Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran

California State University Los Angeles USA

Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Montreal Canada

Department of Affective Disorders Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark

Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino Urbino Italy

Department of Community Health Sciences Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan

Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College Trivandrum India

Department of Exercise Health Science National Taiwan University of Sport Taichung Taiwan

Department of Health Systems and Populations Macquarie University Sydney Australia

Department of Mental Health North West Tuscany Italy

Department of Neuropsychiatry The University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan

Department of Physical Therapy Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza Brazil

Department of Psychiatry Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle USA

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain

Department of Psychiatry Government Medical College Trivandrum India

Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of Psychiatry University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Department of Psychiatry UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia

Department of Psychological Medicine King's College London London England

Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy University Hospital Münster Münster Germany

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Sport Exercise and Health Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Department of Sport Physical Education and Outdoor Studies University of South Eastern Norway Bø Norway

Department of Sports Methods and Techniques Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil

Early Intervention Program J Horwitz Psychiatric Institute Santiago Chile

Faculty of Education Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy

Faculty of Health Victoria University Wellington Wellington New Zealand

Faculty of Medicine Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Gallipoli Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia

Graduate Institute of Sports and Health National Changhua University of Education Changhua Taiwan

Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

HSE Louth Meath Mental Health Services Louth Ireland

Keeping the Body In Mind South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Sydney Australia

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Sleep Disorders and Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center Kermanshah Iran

LWL Klinik Marsberg Hospital for Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Marsberg Germany

National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit School of Population and Global Health University of Western Australia Perth Australia

Orygen the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Melbourne Australia

Physical Performance and Sports Research Center Department of Sports and Computer Science Section of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sports Sciences Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville Spain

Private Clinic Wyss Muenchenbuchsee Switzerland

Psychiatric Services Solothurn Solothurn Switzerland

Psychiatry Institute Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia

Research Centre in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development CIDESD GERON Research Community Vila Real Portugal

Schizophrenia Research Unit Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research Liverpool Australia

School of Health Sciences Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland

School of Public Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia

School of Sport Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

South Coast Private Hospital Wollongong Australia

South London and Maudesley NHS Foundation Trust London UK

St John of God Hospital North Richmond Australia

The Sutherland Hospital South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Sydney Australia

University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics Center for Affective Stress and Sleep Disorders Basel Switzerland

University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen University Center of Psychiatry Groningen Netherlands

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