JavaScript NENÍ povolen !

Benhorin J, Bodenheimer M, Brown M, Case R, Dwyer EM Jr, Eberly S. et al. Improving clinical practice guidelines for practicing cardiologists. Am J Cardiol 2015;115:1773–6. PubMed

Lip G. The ABC pathway: an integrated approach to improve AF management. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017;14:627–8. PubMed

Proietti M, Romiti GF, Olshansky B, Lane DA, Lip G.. Improved outcomes by integrated care of anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation using the simple ABC (Atrial Fibrillation Better Care) pathway. Am J Med 2018;131:1359–66 e6. PubMed

Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Menichelli D, Violi F, Lip G.. Integrated care management of patients with atrial fibrillation and risk of cardiovascular events: the ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway in the ATHERO-AF study cohort. Mayo Clin Proc 2019;94:1261–7 PubMed

Pastori D, Farcomeni A, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Lip GY.. ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway and healthcare costs in atrial fibrillation: the ATHERO-AF study. Am J Med 2019;132:856–61. PubMed

Yoon M, Yang PS, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, Uhm JS. et al. Improved population-based clinical outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation by compliance with the simple ABC (Atrial Fibrillation Better Care) pathway for integrated care management: a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2019;19:1695–703. PubMed

Lip G, Freedman B, De Caterina R, Potpara TS.. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: past, present and future. Comparing the guidelines and practical decision-making. Thromb Haemost 2017;117:1230–9. PubMed

Borre ED, Goode A, Raitz G, Shah B, Lowenstern A, Chatterjee R. et al. Predicting thromboembolic and bleeding event risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost 2018;118:2171–87. PubMed PMC

Lip GYH, Banerjee A, Boriani G, Chiang CE, Fargo R, Freedman B. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2018;154:1121–201. PubMed

Rivera-Caravaca JM, Marin F, Vilchez JA, Galvez J, Esteve-Pastor MA, Vicente V. et al. Refining stroke and bleeding prediction in atrial fibrillation by adding consecutive biomarkers to clinical risk scores. Stroke 2019;50:1372–9. PubMed

Yoon M, Yang PS, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, Uhm JS. et al. Dynamic changes of CHA2DS2-VASc score and the risk of ischaemic stroke in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2018;118:1296–304. PubMed

Chao TF, Liao JN, Tuan TC, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW. et al. Incident co-morbidities in patients with atrial fibrillation initially with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 (males) or 1 (females): implications for reassessment of stroke risk in initially ‘low-risk’ patients. Thromb Haemost 2019;119:1162–170. PubMed

Chao TF, Lip GYH, Liu CJ, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW. et al. Relationship of aging and incident comorbidities to stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:122–32. PubMed

Apostolakis S, Lane DA, Buller H, Lip GY.. Comparison of the CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores for the prediction of clinically relevant bleeding in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the AMADEUS trial. Thromb Haemost 2013;110:1074–9. PubMed

Chao TF, Lip GYH, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF. et al. Incident risk factors and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: a comparison of baseline, follow-up and delta HAS-BLED scores with an approach focused on modifiable bleeding risk factors. Thromb Haemost 2018;118:768–77. PubMed

Ferrante di Ruffano L, Hyde CJ, McCaffery KJ, Bossuyt PM, Deeks JJ.. Assessing the value of diagnostic tests: a framework for designing and evaluating trials. BMJ 2012;344:e686. PubMed

Goldberger JJ, Cain ME, Hohnloser SH, Kadish AH, Knight BP, Lauer MS. et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2008;118:1497–518. PubMed

Verrier RL, Klingenheben T, Malik M, El-Sherif N, Exner DV, Hohnloser SH. et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans physiological basis, methods of measurement, and clinical utility—consensus guideline by International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1309–24. PubMed PMC

Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996;93:1043–65. PubMed

De Bacquer D, Willekens J, De Backer G.. Long-term prognostic value of p-wave characteristics for the development of atrial fibrillation in subjects aged 55 to 74 years at baseline. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:850–4. PubMed

Cheng M, Lu X, Huang J, Zhang S, Gu D.. Electrocardiographic PR prolongation and atrial fibrillation risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015;26:36–41. PubMed

Magnani JW, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Gorodeski EZ, Schnabel RB, Lubitz SA. et al. P wave duration and risk of longitudinal atrial fibrillation in persons >/= 60 years old (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:917–21 e1. PubMed PMC

Nielsen JB, Kuhl JT, Pietersen A, Graff C, Lind B, Struijk JJ. et al. P-wave duration and the risk of atrial fibrillation: results from the Copenhagen ECG Study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1887–95. PubMed

Nikolaidou T, Ghosh JM, Clark AL.. Outcomes related to first-degree atrioventricular block and therapeutic implications in patients with heart failure. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016;2:181–92. PubMed

Buxton AE, Josephson ME.. The role of P wave duration as a predictor of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Chest 1981;80:68–73. PubMed

Kamel H, Soliman EZ, Heckbert SR, Kronmal RA, Longstreth WT Jr, Nazarian S. et al. P-wave morphology and the risk of incident ischemic stroke in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Stroke 2014;45:2786–8. PubMed PMC

Nikolaidou T, Pellicori P, Zhang J, Kazmi S, Goode KM, Cleland JG. et al. Prevalence, predictors, and prognostic implications of PR interval prolongation in patients with heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2018;107:108–19. PubMed PMC

Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, Junttila MJ, Tikkanen JT, Rissanen HA. et al. Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general population. Eur Heart J 2014;35:123–9. PubMed

Andrade JG, Roy D, Wyse DG, Dorian P, Talajic M, Leduc H. et al. ECG features associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a combined AFFIRM and AF-CHF analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016;27:404–13. PubMed

Januszkiewicz L, Vegh E, Borgquist R, Bose A, Sharma A, Orencole M. et al. Prognostic implication of baseline PR interval in cardiac resynchronization therapy recipients. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2256–62. PubMed

Rickard J, Karim M, Baranowski B, Cantillon D, Spragg D, Tang WHW. et al. Effect of PR interval prolongation on long-term outcomes in patients with left bundle branch block vs non-left bundle branch block morphologies undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1523–8. PubMed

Das MK, Zipes DP.. Fragmented QRS: a predictor of mortality and sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2009;6(3 Suppl):S8–14. PubMed

Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ. et al.; Heart Rhythm Society. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation 2009;119:e241–50. PubMed

Elming H, Holm E, Jun L, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L, Kircshoff M. et al. The prognostic value of the QT interval and QT interval dispersion in all-cause and cardiac mortality and morbidity in a population of Danish citizens. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1391–400. PubMed

Dekker JM, Crow RS, Hannan PJ, Schouten EG, Folsom AR, Study A.. Heart rate-corrected QT interval prolongation predicts risk of coronary heart disease in black and white middle-aged men and women: the ARIC study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:565–71. PubMed

Chieng TM, Hau YW, Lim CW.. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias prediction methods and its prognostic features: a review. Int J Comput Digital Syst 2019;8:351–65.

Prenner SB, Shah SJ, Goldberger JJ, Sauer AJ.. Repolarization heterogeneity: beyond the QT interval. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:1–10. PubMed PMC

Porta-Sanchez A, Spillane DR, Harris L, Xue J, Dorsey P, Care M. et al. T-wave morphology analysis in congenital long QT syndrome discriminates patients from healthy individuals. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2017;3:374–81. PubMed

Hermans BJM, Bennis FC, Vink AS, Koopsen T, Lyon A, Wilde AAM. et al. Improving long-QT syndrome diagnosis by a polynomial-based T-wave morphology characterization. Heart Rhythm 2020. pii: S1547-5271(20)30001-1. PubMed

Panikkath R, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Hattenhauer J, Mariani R. et al. Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4:441–7. PubMed PMC

Malik M, Huikuri H, Lombardi F, Schmidt G, Zabel M; on behalf of e-Rhythm Study Group of EHRA. Conundrum of the Tpeak-Tend interval. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018;29:767–70. PubMed

Haissaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, Jesel L, Deisenhofer I, de Roy L. et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2016–23. PubMed

Wu SH, Lin XX, Cheng YJ, Qiang CC, Zhang J.. Early repolarization pattern and risk for arrhythmia death: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:645–50. PubMed

Aagaard P, Baranowski B, Aziz P, Phelan D.. Early repolarization in athletes: a review. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e003577. PubMed

Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM.. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1984;69:250–8. PubMed

Schmidt G, Malik M, Barthel P, Schneider R, Ulm K, Rolnitzky L. et al. Heart-rate turbulence after ventricular premature beats as a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1999;353:1390–6. PubMed

Solomon SD, Zelenkofske S, McMurray JJ, Finn PV, Velazquez E, Ertl G. et al. Sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2581–8. PubMed

Gula LJ, Klein GJ, Hellkamp AS, Massel D, Krahn AD, Skanes AC. et al. Ejection fraction assessment and survival: an analysis of the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT). Am Heart J 2008;156:1196–200. PubMed PMC

Di Marco A, Anguera I, Schmitt M, Klem I, Neilan TG, White JA. et al. Late gadolinium enhancement and the risk for ventricular arrhythmias or sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC: Heart Fail 2016;5:28–38. PubMed

Coleman GC, Shaw PW, Balfour PC, Gonzalez JA, Kramer CM, Patel AR. et al. Prognostic value of myocardial scarring on CMR in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:411–20. PubMed PMC

Greulich S, Deluigi CC, Gloekler S, Wahl A, Zürn C, Kramer U. et al. CMR imaging predicts death and other adverse events in suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:501–11. PubMed

Naruse Y, Sekiguchi Y, Nogami A, Okada H, Yamauchi Y, Machino T. et al. Systematic treatment approach to ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:407–13. PubMed

Blankstein R, Osborne M, Naya M, Waller A, Kim CK, Murthy VL. et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:329–36. PubMed PMC

Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H. et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933–40. PubMed

Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS. et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877–83. PubMed

Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R. et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225–37. PubMed

Moss AJ, Greenberg H, Case RB, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Brown MW. et al. Long-term clinical course of patients after termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmia by an implanted defibrillator. Circulation 2004;110:3760–5. PubMed

Stecker EC, Vickers C, Waltz J, Socoteanu C, John BT, Mariani R. et al. Population-based analysis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two-year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1161–6. PubMed

Gorgels AP, Gijsbers C, de Vreede-Swagemakers J, Lousberg A, Wellens HJ.. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht Circulatory Arrest Registry. European Heart Journal 2003;24:1204–9. PubMed

Stevens SM, Reinier K, Chugh SS.. Increased left ventricular mass as a predictor of sudden cardiac death: is it time to put it to the test? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:212–7. PubMed PMC

Køber L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC, Haarbo J, Videbæk L, Korup E. et al. Defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1221–30. PubMed

Piers SR, Tao Q, van Huls van Taxis CF, Schalij MJ, van der Geest RJ, Zeppenfeld K.. Contrast-enhanced MRI-derived scar patterns and associated ventricular tachycardias in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: implications for the ablation strategy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:875–83. PubMed

White JA, Fine NM, Gula L, Yee R, Skanes A, Klein G. et al. Utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in identifying substrate for malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:12–20. PubMed

Gutman SJ, Costello BT, Papapostolou S, Voskoboinik A, Iles L, Ja J. et al. Reduction in mortality from implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients is dependent on the presence of left ventricular scar. Eur Heart J 2019;40:542–50. PubMed

Fallavollita JA, Heavey BM, Luisi AJ, Michalek SM, Baldwa S, Mashtare TL. et al. Regional myocardial sympathetic denervation predicts the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:141–9. PubMed PMC

Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G.. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1882–90. PubMed

Brembilla-Perrot B, Suty-Selton C, Beurrier D, Houriez P, Nippert M, de la Chaise AT. et al. Differences in mechanisms and outcomes of syncope in patients with coronary disease or idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction as assessed by electrophysiologic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:594–601. PubMed

Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, Holly TA, Berman DS, Oh JK. et al. Myocardial viability and long-term outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2019;381:739–48. PubMed PMC

Olshansky B, Hahn EA, Hartz VL, Prater SP, Mason JW.. Clinical significance of syncope in the electrophysiologic study versus electrocardiographic monitoring (ESVEM) trial. The ESVEM Investigators. Am Heart J 1999;137:878–86. PubMed

Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J. et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Europace 2015;17:1601–87. PubMed

Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2018;138:e272–e391. PubMed

Gann D, Tolentino A, Samet P.. Electrophysiologic evaluation of elderly patients with sinus bradycardia: a long-term follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 1979;90:24–9. PubMed

Buxton AE, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Lee KL, Pryor DB, Prystowsky EN. et al. Prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease: the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial (MUSTT). Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1993;36:215–26. PubMed

Hilfiker G, Schoenenberger AW, Erne P, Kobza R.. Utility of electrophysiological studies to predict arrhythmic events. World J Cardiol 2015;7:344–50. PubMed PMC

Mankbadi M, Hassan S, McGee M, Jan B, Mangal S, Altier J. et al. Brugada syndrome: the role of risk stratification in selecting patients for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. Cureus 2018;10:e2799. PubMed PMC

Brugada J, Campuzano O, Arbelo E, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada R.. Present status of Brugada syndrome: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1046–59. PubMed

Sroubek J, Probst V, Mazzanti A, Delise P, Hevia JC, Ohkubo K. et al. Programmed ventricular stimulation for risk stratification in the Brugada syndrome: a pooled analysis. Circulation 2016;133:622–30. PubMed PMC

Solbiati M, Casazza G, Dipaola F, Barbic F, Caldato M, Montano N. et al. The diagnostic yield of implantable loop recorders in unexplained syncope: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017;231:170–6. PubMed

Ibrahim OA, Drew D, Hayes CJ, McIntyre W, Seifer CM, Hopman W. et al. Implantable loop recorders in the real world: a study of two Canadian centers. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2017;50:179–85. PubMed

Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA. et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2478–86. PubMed

Edvardsson N, Frykman V, van Mechelen R, Mitro P, Mohii-Oskarsson A, Pasquie JL. et al.; PICTURE Study Investigators. Use of an implantable loop recorder to increase the diagnostic yield in unexplained syncope: results from the PICTURE registry. Europace 2011;13:262–9. PubMed PMC

Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1883–948. PubMed

Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD. et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2017;136:e60–e122. PubMed

Roberts PR, Zachariah D, Morgan JM, Yue AM, Greenwood EF, Phillips PC. et al. Monitoring of arrhythmia and sudden death in a hemodialysis population: the CRASH-ILR Study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0188713. PubMed PMC

Cheung CC, Krahn AD, Andrade JG.. The emerging role of wearable technologies in detection of arrhythmia. Can J Cardiol 2018;34:1083–7. PubMed

Bumgarner JM, Lambert CT, Hussein AA, Cantillon DJ, Baranowski B, Wolski K. et al. Smartwatch algorithm for automated detection of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:2381–8. PubMed

Liu S. Number of Connected Wearable Devices Worldwide from 2016 to 2022 2019https://www.statista.com/statistics/487291/global-connected-wearable-devices/ (1 February 2020, date last accessed).

Valiaho ES, Kuoppa P, Lipponen JA, Martikainen TJ, Jantti H, Rissanen TT. et al. Wrist band photoplethysmography in detection of individual pulses in atrial fibrillation and algorithm-based detection of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2019;21:1031–8. PubMed

Brasier N, Raichle CJ, Dorr M, Becke A, Nohturfft V, Weber S. et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation with a smartphone camera: first prospective, international, two-centre, clinical validation study (DETECT AF PRO). Europace 2019;21:41–7. PubMed PMC

Verbrugge FH, Proesmans T, Vijgen J, Mullens W, Rivero-Ayerza M, Van Herendael H. et al. Atrial fibrillation screening with photo-plethysmography through a smartphone camera. Europace 2019;21:1167–75. PubMed

Gillinov S, Etiwy M, Wang R, Blackburn G, Phelan D, Am G. et al. Variable accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors during aerobic exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017;49:1697–703. PubMed

Wang R, Blackburn G, Desai M, Phelan D, Gillinov L, Houghtaling P. et al. Accuracy of wrist-worn heart rate monitors. JAMA Cardiol 2017;2:104–6. PubMed

Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, Rumsfeld JS, Garcia A, Ferris T. et al. Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1909–17. PubMed PMC

Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu T, Liang Z, Xia Y. et al. Mobile photoplethysmographic technology to detect atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:2365–75. PubMed

Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, Berul C, Brugada R, Calkins H. et al. HRS/EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies: this document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace 2011;13:1077–109. PubMed

Haugaa KH, Dan GA, Iliodromitis K, Lenarczyk R, Marinskis G, Osca J. et al. Management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death-translating guidelines into practice: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace: european pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology: journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the. Eur Soc Cardiol 2018;20:f249–53. PubMed

Anastasakis A, Papatheodorou E, Ritsatos K, Protonotarios N, Rentoumi V, Gatzoulis K. et al. Sudden unexplained death in the young: epidemiology, aetiology and value of the clinically guided genetic screening. Europace 2018;20:472–80. PubMed

Pontecorboli G, Figueras I, Carlosena A, Benito E, Prat-Gonzales S, Padeletti L. et al. Use of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging for fibrosis detection in the atria: a review. Europace 2017;19:180–9. PubMed

Halliday BP, Cleland JGF, Goldberger JJ, Prasad SK.. Personalizing risk stratification for sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy: the past, present, and future. Circulation 2017;136:215–31. PubMed PMC

Margulescu AD, Nunez-Garcia M, Alarcon F, Benito EM, Enomoto N, Cozzari J. et al. Reproducibility and accuracy of late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance measurements for the detection of left atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation procedures. Europace 2019;21:724–31. PubMed

Goetze JP, Mogelvang R, Maage L, Scharling H, Schnohr P, Sogaard P. et al. Plasma pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the general population: screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3004–10. PubMed

Darkner S, Goetze JP, Chen X, Henningsen K, Pehrson S, Svendsen JH.. Natriuretic propeptides as markers of atrial fibrillation burden and recurrence (from the AMIO-CAT Trial). Am J Cardiol 2017;120:1309–15. PubMed

Sinner MF, Stepas KA, Moser CB, Krijthe BP, Aspelund T, Sotoodehnia N. et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein in the prediction of atrial fibrillation risk: the CHARGE-AF Consortium of community-based cohort studies. Europace 2014;16:1426–33. PubMed PMC

Kemp Gudmundsdottir K, Fredriksson T, Svennberg E, Al-Khalili F, Friberg L, Frykman V. et al. Stepwise mass screening for atrial fibrillation using N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide: the STROKESTOP II study. Europace 2020;22:24–32. PubMed PMC

Sepehri Shamloo A, Bollmann A, Dagres N, Hindricks G, Arya A.. Natriuretic peptides: biomarkers for atrial fibrillation management. Clin Res Cardiol 2020. doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01608-x. PubMed

Engelmann MD, Svendsen JH.. Inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2083–92. PubMed

Nyrnes A, Njolstad I, Mathiesen EB, Wilsgaard T, Hansen JB, Skjelbakken T. et al. Inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for future atrial fibrillation. An eleven-year follow-up of 6315 men and women: the Tromso study. Gend Med 2012;9:536–47 e2. PubMed

Henningsen KM, Therkelsen SK, Johansen JS, Bruunsgaard H, Svendsen JH.. Plasma YKL-40, a new biomarker for atrial fibrillation? Europace 2009;11:1032–6. PubMed

Nattel S. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2017;3:425–35. PubMed

Watanabe T, Takeishi Y, Hirono O, Itoh M, Matsui M, Nakamura K. et al. C-reactive protein elevation predicts the occurrence of atrial structural remodeling in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Vessels 2005;20:45–9. PubMed

Henningsen KM, Nilsson B, Bruunsgaard H, Chen X, Pedersen BK, Svendsen JH.. Prognostic impact of hs-CRP and IL-6 in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Scand Cardiovasc J 2009;43:285–91. PubMed

Henningsen KM, Therkelsen SK, Bruunsgaard H, Krabbe KS, Pedersen BK, Svendsen JH.. Prognostic impact of hs-CRP and IL-6 in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation treated with electrical cardioversion. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009;69:425–32. PubMed

Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, Bidoosi S, Agmon Y, Kapeliovich M. et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:753–7. PubMed

Canpolat U, Aytemir K, Hazirolan T, Ozer N, Oto A.. Serum YKL-40 as a marker of left atrial fibrosis assessed by delayed enhancement MRI in lone atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2015;38:1386–95. PubMed

Henningsen KM, Nilsson B, Johansen JS, Chen X, Pehrson S, Svendsen JH.. Plasma YKL-40 is elevated in patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Inflamm Res 2010;59:463–9. PubMed

Marott SCW, Benn M, Johansen JS, Jensen GB, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG.. YKL-40 levels and atrial fibrillation in the general population. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:1354–9. PubMed

Van Wagoner DR, Piccini JP, Albert CM, Anderson ME, Benjamin EJ, Brundel B. et al. Progress toward the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation: a summary of the Heart Rhythm Society Research Forum on the Treatment and Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation, Washington, DC, December 9-10, 2013. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:e5–e29. PubMed PMC

Fenger-Gron M, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Frost L.. Lean body mass is the predominant anthropometric risk factor for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:2488–97. PubMed

Sandhu RK, Conen D, Tedrow UB, Fitzgerald KC, Pradhan AD, Ridker PM. et al. Predisposing factors associated with development of persistent compared with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e000916. PubMed PMC

Frost L, Benjamin EJ, Fenger-Grøn M, Pedersen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K.. Body fat, body fat distribution, lean body mass and atrial fibrillation and flutter. A Danish cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring )2014;22:1546–52. PubMed PMC

Zhuang J, Lu Y, Tang K, Peng W, Xu Y.. Influence of body mass index on recurrence and quality of life in atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Cardiol 2013;36:269–75. PubMed PMC

Abed HS, Samuel CS, Lau DH, Kelly DJ, Royce SG, Alasady M. et al. Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:90–100. PubMed

Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C. et al. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Europace 2013;15:1389–406. PubMed

Schwartz PJ, Spazzolini C, Crotti L, Bathen J, Amlie JP, Timothy K. et al. The Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: natural history, molecular basis, and clinical outcome. Circulation 2006;113:783–90. PubMed

Splawski I, Timothy KW, Sharpe LM, Decher N, Kumar P, Bloise R. et al. Ca(V)1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism. Cell 2004;119:19–31. PubMed

Barsheshet A, Goldenberg I, O-Uchi J, Moss AJ, Jons C, Shimizu W. et al. Mutations in cytoplasmic loops of the KCNQ1 channel and the risk of life-threatening events: implications for mutation-specific response to beta-blocker therapy in type 1 long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2012;125:1988–96. PubMed PMC

Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc D, Coumel P.. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children: a 7-year follow up of 21 patients. Circulation 1995;91:1512–9. PubMed

Sumitomo N, Harada K, Nagashima M, Yasuda T, Nakamura Y, Aragaki Y. et al. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: electrocardiographic characteristics and optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent sudden death. Heart 2003;89:66–70. PubMed PMC

van der Werf C, Nederend I, Hofman N, van Geloven N, Ebink C, Frohn-Mulder IM. et al. Familial evaluation in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: disease penetrance and expression in cardiac ryanodine receptor mutation-carrying relatives. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:748–56. PubMed

Kapplinger JD, Tester DJ, Alders M, Benito B, Berthet M, Brugada J. et al. An international compendium of mutations in the SCN5A-encoded cardiac sodium channel in patients referred for Brugada syndrome genetic testing. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:33–46. PubMed PMC

Liu M, Yang KC, Dudley SC Jr.. Cardiac sodium channel mutations: why so many phenotypes? Nat Rev Cardiol 2014;11:607–15. PubMed PMC

Eckhardt LL. Phenotype, genotype, and cellular physiology: need for clarity in characterization. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:1993–4. PubMed

Weng LC, Lunetta KL, Muller-Nurasyid M, Smith AV, Theriault S, Weeke PE. et al. Genetic interactions with age, sex, body mass index, and hypertension in relation to atrial fibrillation: the AFGen consortium. Sci Rep 2017;7:11303. PubMed PMC

Weng LC, Preis SR, Hulme OL, Larson MG, Choi SH, Wang B. et al. Genetic predisposition, clinical risk factor burden, and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2018;137:1027–38. PubMed PMC

Ahlberg G, Refsgaard L, Lundegaard PR, Andreasen L, Ranthe MF, Linscheid N. et al. Rare truncating variants in the sarcomeric protein titin associate with familial and early-onset atrial fibrillation. Nat Commun 2018;9:4316. PubMed PMC

Roselli C, Chaffin MD, Weng LC, Aeschbacher S, Ahlberg G, Albert CM. et al. Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study for atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet 2018;50:1225–33. PubMed PMC

Hannun AY, Rajpurkar P, Haghpanahi M, Tison GH, Bourn C, Turakhia MP. et al. Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nat Med 2019;25:65–9. PubMed PMC

Attia ZI, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Asirvatham SJ, Deshmukh AJ, Gersh BJ. et al. An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction. Lancet 2019;394:861–7. PubMed

Ebrahimzadeh E, Kalantari M, Joulani M, Shahraki RS, Fayaz F, Ahmadi F.. Prediction of paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: a machine learning based approach using combined feature vector and mixture of expert classification on HRV signal. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2018;165:53–67. PubMed

Attia ZI, Kapa S, Lopez-Jimenez F, McKie PM, Ladewig DJ, Satam G. et al. Screening for cardiac contractile dysfunction using an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram. Nat Med 2019;25:70–4. PubMed

Motwani M, Dey D, Berman DS, Germano G, Achenbach S, Al-Mallah MH. et al. Machine learning for prediction of all-cause mortality in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: a 5-year multicentre prospective registry analysis. Eur Heart J 2017;38:500–7. PubMed PMC

Narula S, Shameer K, Salem Omar AM, Dudley JT, Sengupta PP.. Machine-learning algorithms to automate morphological and functional assessments in 2D echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2287–95. PubMed

Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, Larson MG, Beiser AS, McManus DD. et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2015;386:154–62. PubMed PMC

Andrade JG, Deyell MW, Lee AY, Macle L.. Sex differences in atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 2018;34:429–36. PubMed

Staerk L, Sherer JA, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH.. Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes. Circ Res 2017;120:1501–17. PubMed PMC

Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ. et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation 2014;129:837–47. PubMed PMC

Stefansdottir H, Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Arnar DO.. Trends in the incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in Iceland and future projections. Europace 2011;13:1110–7. PubMed

Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP. et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006;114:119–25. PubMed

Kloosterman M, Crijns H, Mulder BA, Groenveld HF, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Rienstra M. et al. Sex-related differences in risk factors, outcome, and quality of life in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: results from the RACE II study. Europace 2019. doi:10.1093/europace/euz300. PubMed PMC

Cheng X, Hu Q, Gao L, Liu J, Qin S, Zhang D.. Sex-related differences in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2019;21:1509–18. PubMed

Andrade J, Khairy P, Dobrev D, Nattel S.. The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ Res 2014;114:1453–68. PubMed

Murphy NF, Simpson CR, Jhund PS, Stewart S, Kirkpatrick M, Chalmers J. et al. A national survey of the prevalence, incidence, primary care burden and treatment of atrial fibrillation in Scotland. Heart 2007;93:606–12. PubMed PMC

Rodriguez CJ, Soliman EZ, Alonso A, Swett K, Okin PM, Goff DC Jr.. et al. Atrial fibrillation incidence and risk factors in relation to race-ethnicity and the population attributable fraction of atrial fibrillation risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Ann Epidemiol 2015;25:71–6, 76.e1. PubMed PMC

Naderi S, Wang Y, Miller AL, Rodriguez F, Chung MK, Radford MJ. et al. The impact of age on the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation hospitalizations. Am J Med 2014;127:158.e1–7. PubMed PMC

Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH. et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:949–53. PubMed

Chao TF, Liu CJ, Tuan TC, Chen TJ, Hsieh MH, Lip GYH. et al. Lifetime risks, projected numbers, and adverse outcomes in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Taiwan nationwide AF cohort study. Chest 2018;153:453–66. PubMed

Ko D, Rahman F, Schnabel RB, Yin X, Benjamin EJ, Christophersen IE.. Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016;13:321–32. PubMed PMC

Friberg J, Scharling H, Gadsboll N, Truelsen T, Jensen GB; Copenhagen City Heart Study. Comparison of the impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of stroke and cardiovascular death in women versus men (The Copenhagen City Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004;94:889–94. PubMed

Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, Cha SS, Gersh BJ, Seward JB. et al. Mortality trends in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation: a 21-year community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:986–92. PubMed

Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D.. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:2n–9n. PubMed

Boriani G, Glotzer TV, Santini M, West TM, De Melis M, Sepsi M. et al. Device-detected atrial fibrillation and risk for stroke: an analysis of >10,000 patients from the SOS AF project (Stroke preventiOn Strategies based on Atrial Fibrillation information from implanted devices). Eur Heart J 2014;35:508–16. PubMed PMC

Shaikh AY, Maan A, Khan UA, Aurigemma GP, Hill JC, Kane JL. et al. Speckle echocardiographic left atrial strain and stiffness index as predictors of maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: a prospective study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012;10:48. PubMed PMC

Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, Jais P, Akoum N, Marchlinski F. et al. Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study. JAMA 2014;311:498–506. PubMed

Skanes AC, Tang A.. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: untangling a modern Gordian knot. Can J Cardiol 2018;34:1437–48. PubMed

Smith JG, Newton-Cheh C, Almgren P, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A. et al. Assessment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and multiple biomarkers for the prediction of incident heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1712–9. PubMed PMC

Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Albert CM, Glazer NL, Ritchie MD, Smith AV. et al. Meta-analysis identifies six new susceptibility loci for atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet 2012;44:670–5. PubMed PMC

Santhanakrishnan R, Wang N, Larson MG, Magnani JW, McManus DD, Lubitz SA. et al. Atrial fibrillation begets heart failure and vice versa: temporal associations and differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 2016;133:484–92. PubMed PMC

Buza V, Rajagopalan B, Curtis AB.. Cancer treatment-induced arrhythmias: focus on chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017;10. PubMed

Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Olson EJ, Nykodym J, Kara T. et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:565–71. PubMed

Djousse L, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Blease SJ, Russ A, Larson MG. et al. Long-term alcohol consumption and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:710–3. PubMed

Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, Lindhardsen J, Olsen AM, Madsen JC. et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: a large population cohort study. BMJ 2012;345:e7895. PubMed PMC

Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ.. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1279–85. PubMed

Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV. et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001;285:2370–5. PubMed

Magnani JW, Zhu L, Lopez F, Pencina MJ, Agarwal SK, Soliman EZ. et al. P-wave indices and atrial fibrillation: cross-cohort assessments from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J 2015;169:53–61.e1. PubMed PMC

Fox CS, Parise H, D'Agostino RB Sr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. et al. Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA 2004;291:2851–5. PubMed

Allan V, Honarbakhsh S, Casas JP, Wallace J, Hunter R, Schilling R. et al. Are cardiovascular risk factors also associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and field synopsis of 23 factors in 32 population-based cohorts of 20 million participants. Thromb Haemost 2017;117:837–50. PubMed PMC

Li YG, Pastori D, Farcomeni A, Yang PS, Jang E, Joung B. et al. A simple clinical risk score (C2HEST) for predicting incident atrial fibrillation in Asian subjects: derivation in 471,446 Chinese subjects, with internal validation and external application in 451,199 Korean subjects. Chest 2019;155:510–18. PubMed PMC

Yan‐Guang L, Bisson A, Bodin A. et al. The C2HEST score and the prediction of incident atrial fibrillation in post-stroke subjects: a French nationwide study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e012546. PubMed PMC

Hu WS, Hsieh MH, Lin CL.. A novel atrial fibrillation prediction model for Chinese subjects: a nationwide cohort investigation of 682 237 study participants with random forest model. Europace 2019;21:1307–12. PubMed

Li Y, Pastori D, Guo Y, Wang Y, Lip G.. Risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation: a focus on Asian populations. Int J Cardiol 2018;261:92–8. PubMed

Hobbs FD, Fitzmaurice DA, Mant J, Murray E, Jowett S, Bryan S. et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over. The SAFE study. Health Technol Assess 2005;9:iii-iv, ix-x, 1–74. PubMed

Long MJ, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Xu L, Zhang WS, Lin JM. et al. Atrial fibrillation and obesity among older Chinese: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Int J Cardiol 2011;148:48–52. PubMed

Boriani G, Laroche C, Diemberger I, Fantecchi E, Meeder J, Kurpesa M. et al. Overweight and obesity in patients with atrial fibrillation: sex differences in 1-year outcomes in the EORP-AF General Pilot Registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018;29:566–72. PubMed

Proietti M, Guiducci E, Cheli P, Lip GY.. Is there an obesity paradox for outcomes in atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant trials. Stroke 2017;48:857–66. PubMed

Middeldorp ME, Pathak RK, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Elliott AD, Mahajan R. et al. PREVEntion and regReSsive Effect of weight-loss and risk factor modification on Atrial Fibrillation: the REVERSE-AF study. Europace 2018;20:1929–35. PubMed

Kim D, Yang PS, Kim TH, Jang E, Shin H, Kim HY. et al. Ideal blood pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1233–45. PubMed

Kim TH, Yang PS, Yu HT, Jang E, Shin H, Kim HY. et al. Effect of hypertension duration and blood pressure level on ischaemic stroke risk in atrial fibrillation: nationwide data covering the entire Korean population. Eur Heart J 2019;40:809–19. PubMed

Overvad TF, Skjoth F, Lip GY, Lane DA, Albertsen IE, Rasmussen LH. et al. Duration of diabetes mellitus and risk of thromboembolism and bleeding in atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. Stroke 2015;46:2168–74. PubMed

Fangel MV, Nielsen PB, Larsen TB, Christensen B, Overvad TF, Lip GYH. et al. Type 1 versus type 2 diabetes and thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2018;268:137–42. PubMed

Lip GY, Clementy N, Pierre B, Boyer M, Fauchier L.. The impact of associated diabetic retinopathy on stroke and severe bleeding risk in diabetic patients with atrial fibrillation: the Loire Valley Atrial Fibrillation Project. Chest 2015;147:1103–10. PubMed

Ashburner JM, Go AS, Chang Y, Fang MC, Fredman L, Applebaum KM. et al. Effect of diabetes and glycemic control on ischemic stroke risk in AF patients: ATRIA study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:239–47. PubMed PMC

Pisters R, Lane DA, Marin F, Camm AJ, Lip GY.. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2012;76:2289–304. PubMed

Lip GYH, Collet JP, de Caterina R, Fauchier L, Lane DA, Larsen TB. et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation associated with valvular heart disease: a joint consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the ESC Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), South African Heart (SA Heart) Association and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología (SOLEACE). Europace 2017;19:1757–8. PubMed

Banerjee A, Taillandier S, Olesen JB, Lane DA, Lallemand B, Lip GY. et al. Ejection fraction and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: the Loire Valley Atrial Fibrillation Project. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:295–301. PubMed

Melgaard L, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Lane DA, Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB, Lip GY.. Assessment of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting ischemic stroke, thromboembolism, and death in patients with heart failure with and without atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2015;314:1030–8. PubMed

Gillinov AM, Bagiella E, Moskowitz AJ, Raiten JM, Groh MA, Bowdish ME. et al. Rate control versus rhythm control for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1911–21. PubMed PMC

Mathew J; Investigators of the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation; Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA 2004;291:1720–9. PubMed

Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M. et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery: current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation 1996;94:390–7. PubMed

Ahlsson A, Fengsrud E, Bodin L, Englund A.. Postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery carries an eightfold risk of future atrial fibrillation and a doubled cardiovascular mortality. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2010;37:1353–9. PubMed

Dobrev D, Aguilar M, Heijman J, Guichard J-B, Nattel S.. Postoperative atrial fibrillation: mechanisms, manifestations and management. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019;1. PubMed

Echahidi N, Pibarot P, O’Hara G, Mathieu P.. Mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:793–801. PubMed

Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, Durham SJ, Shah AS, Habib RH.. Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation 2005;112:3247–55. PubMed

Lowres N, Mulcahy G, Jin K, Gallagher R, Neubeck L, Freedman B.. Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients discharged in sinus rhythm after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thoracic Surg 2018;26:504–11. PubMed

National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK). Stroke: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Initial Management of Acute Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA). London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008. PubMed

Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors J, Demaerschalk BM. et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013;44:870–947. PubMed

Steinberg JS, Varma N, Cygankiewicz I, Aziz P, Balsam P, Baranchuk A. et al. 2017 ISHNE-HRS expert consensus statement on ambulatory ECG and external cardiac monitoring/telemetry. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:e55–e96. PubMed

Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Vargas ER, Riccio PM, Hachinski V.. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:377–87. PubMed

Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL. et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35–41. PubMed

Dussault C, Toeg H, Nathan M, Wang ZJ, Roux J-F, Secemsky E.. Electrocardiographic monitoring for detecting atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:263–9. PubMed

Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe KE, Hall J. et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2467–77. PubMed

Li YG, Bisson A, Bodin A, Herbert J, Grammatico-Guillon L, Joung B. et al. C2 HEST Score and prediction of incident atrial fibrillation in poststroke patients: a French Nationwide Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e012546. PubMed PMC

Abdulla J, Nielsen JR.. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2009;11:1156–9. PubMed

Heidbuchel H, Anne W, Willems R, Adriaenssens B, Van de Werf F, Ector H.. Endurance sports is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation after ablation for atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol 2006;107:67–72. PubMed

Aizer A, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM.. Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1572–7. PubMed PMC

Hoogsteen J, Schep G, Van Hemel NM, Van Der Wall EE.. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in male endurance athletes. A 9-year follow up. Europace 2004;6:222–8. PubMed

Swanson DR. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses 2006;66:1085–92. PubMed

Bettoni M, Zimmermann M.. Autonomic tone variations before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;105:2753–9. PubMed

McGann C, Akoum N, Patel A, Kholmovski E, Revelo P, Damal K. et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation outcome is predicted by left atrial remodeling on MRI. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:23–30. PubMed PMC

Ho SY, Sanchez-Quintana D, Cabrera JA, Anderson RH.. Anatomy of the left atrium: implications for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:1525–33. PubMed

Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, Juraschek SP, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA. et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) project. Circulation 2015;131:1827–34. PubMed

Allison MA, Jensky NE, Marshall SJ, Bertoni AG, Cushman M.. Sedentary behavior and adiposity-associated inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Preventive Med 2012;42:8–13. PubMed PMC

Malmo V, Nes BM, Amundsen BH, Tjonna AE, Stoylen A, Rossvoll O. et al. Aerobic interval training reduces the burden of atrial fibrillation in the short term: a randomized trial. Circulation 2016;133:466–73. PubMed

Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Maron BJ.. Physiologic left ventricular cavity dilatation in elite athletes. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:23–31. PubMed

Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, Wazni O, Kanderian A, Carnes CA. et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886–91. PubMed

Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, Goudevenos J.. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:Ra225–9. PubMed

Psychari SN, Apostolou TS, Sinos L, Hamodraka E, Liakos G, Kremastinos DT.. Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:764–7. PubMed

Mont L, Elosua R, Brugada J.. Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Europace 2009;11:11–7. PubMed PMC

Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F, Brocker-Preuss M, Nassenstein K, Halle M. et al. on behalf of the Marathon Study Investigators and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Running: the risk of coronary events: prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1903–10. PubMed

Benito B, Gay-Jordi G, Serrano-Mollar A, Guasch E, Shi Y, Tardif JC. et al. Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise training. Circulation 2011;123:13–22. PubMed

Boraita A, Santos-Lozano A, Heras ME, Gonzalez-Amigo F, Lopez-Ortiz S, Villacastin JP. et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in elite athletes. JAMA Cardiol 2018;3:1200. PubMed PMC

Cuspidi C, Tadic M, Sala C, Gherbesi E, Grassi G, Mancia G.. Left atrial function in elite athletes: a meta-analysis of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographic studies. Clin Cardiol 2019;42:579–87. PubMed PMC

Pizzale S, Gollob MH, Gow R, Birnie DH.. Sudden death in a young man with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:1319–21. PubMed

Miyake CY, Webster G, Czosek RJ, Kantoch MJ, Dubin AM, Avasarala K. et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in young patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: success depends on substrate. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:579–87. PubMed

Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Corrado D. et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:429–40. PubMed

Brugada P, Brugada J.. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1391–6. PubMed

Eckardt L, Kirchhof P, Loh P, Schulze-Bahr E, Johna R, Wichter T. et al. Brugada syndrome and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a novel association? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:680–5. PubMed

Morita H, Kusano-Fukushima K, Nagase S, Fujimoto Y, Hisamatsu K, Fujio H. et al. Atrial fibrillation and atrial vulnerability in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1437–44. PubMed

Francis J, Antzelevitch C.. Atrial fibrillation and Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1149–53. PubMed PMC

Bordachar P, Reuter S, Garrigue S, Cai X, Hocini M, Jais P. et al. Incidence, clinical implications and prognosis of atrial arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 2004;25:879–84. PubMed

Bigi MA, Aslani A, Shahrzad S.. Clinical predictors of atrial fibrillation in Brugada syndrome. Europace 2007;9:947–50. PubMed

Sacher F, Probst V, Iesaka Y, Jacon P, Laborderie J, Mizon-Gerard F. et al. Outcome after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter study. Circulation 2006;114:2317–24. PubMed

Johnson JN, Tester DJ, Perry J, Salisbury BA, Reed CR, Ackerman MJ.. Prevalence of early-onset atrial fibrillation in congenital long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:704–9. PubMed PMC

Knoche JW, Orland KM, January CT, Maginot KR.. Atrial fibrillation and long QT syndrome presenting in a 12-year-old girl. Case Rep Pediatr 2012;2012:124838. PubMed PMC

Sankaranarayanan R, Kirkwood G, Dibb K, Garratt CJ.. Comparison of atrial fibrillation in the young versus that in the elderly: a review. Cardiol Res Pract 2013;2013:1–16. PubMed PMC

Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahhou S, Wang XL, Wang Y, Xu WY. et al. KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science 2003;299:251–4. PubMed

Lieve KV, Verkerk AO, Podliesna S, van der Werf C, Tanck MW, Hofman N. et al. Gain-of-function mutation in SCN5A causes ventricular arrhythmias and early onset atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2017;236:187–93. PubMed

Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Franz MR, Monnig G, Loh P, Wedekind H. et al. Prolonged atrial action potential durations and polymorphic atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:1027–33. PubMed

Maruyama M, Joung B, Tang L, Shinohara T, On YK, Han S. et al. Diastolic intracellular calcium-membrane voltage coupling gain and postshock arrhythmias: role of Purkinje fibers and triggered activity. Circ Res 2010;106:399–408. PubMed PMC

Morotti S, McCulloch AD, Bers DM, Edwards AG, Grandi E.. Atrial-selective targeting of arrhythmogenic phase-3 early afterdepolarizations in human myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016;96:63–71. PubMed PMC

Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, Cordeiro J, Gaita F, Borggrefe M. et al. Sudden death associated with short-QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG. Circulation 2004;109:30–5. PubMed

Hong K, Bjerregaard P, Gussak I, Brugada R.. Short QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation caused by mutation in KCNH2. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:394–6. PubMed

Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, Berenfeld O, Ronchetti E, Dhamoon A. et al. A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res 2005;96:800–7. PubMed

Priori SG, Napolitano C, Tiso N, Memmi M, Vignati G, Bloise T. et al. Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (hRyR2) underlie catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2001;103:196–200. PubMed

Postma AV, Denjoy I, Hoorntje TM, Lupoglazoff J-M D, Costa A, Sebillon P. et al. Absence of calsequestrin 2 causes severe forms of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ Research 2002;91:1–6. PubMed

Marsman RF, Barc J, Beekman L, Alders M, Dooijes D, van den Wijngaard A. et al. A mutation in CALM1 encoding calmodulin in familial idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in childhood and adolescence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:259–66. PubMed

Lieve KVV, Verhagen JMA, Wei J, Bos JM, van der Werf C, Roses INF. et al. Linking the heart and the brain: neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:220–8. PubMed

Lip GYH, Jensen M, Melgaard L, Skjoth F, Nielsen PB, Larsen TB.. Stroke and bleeding risk scores in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: evaluating ‘valvular heart disease’ in a nationwide cohort study. Europace 2019;21:33–40. PubMed

Dagres N, Chao TF, Fenelon G, Aguinaga L, Benhayon D, Benjamin EJ. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus on arrhythmias and cognitive function: what is the best practice? Europace 2018;20:1399–421. PubMed PMC

Krawczyk M, Fridman S, Cheng Y, Fang J, Saposnik G, Sposato LA.. Atrial fibrillation diagnosed after stroke and dementia risk: cohort study of first-ever ischaemic stroke patients aged 65 or older. Europace 2019. doi:10.1093/europace/euz237. PubMed

Andrieu S, Coley N, Lovestone S, Aisen PS, Vellas B.. Prevention of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: lessons learned from clinical trials and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:926–44. PubMed

Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace 2016;18:1609–78. PubMed

Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P.. Derivation and validation of QStroke score for predicting risk of ischaemic stroke in primary care and comparison with other risk scores: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ 2013;346:f2573–f2573. PubMed PMC

Singer DE, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Fang MC, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N. et al. A new risk scheme to predict ischemic stroke and other thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: the ATRIA study stroke risk score. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000250. PubMed PMC

Hijazi Z, Lindback J, Alexander JH, Hanna M, Held C, Hylek EM. et al. The ABC (age, biomarkers, clinical history) stroke risk score: a biomarker-based risk score for predicting stroke in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2016;37:1582–90. PubMed PMC

Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI.. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857–67. PubMed

Fauchier L, Clementy N, Bisson A, Ivanes F, Angoulvant D, Babuty D. et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with only 1 nongender-related CHA2DS2-VASc risk factor be anticoagulated? Stroke 2016;47:1831–6. PubMed

Lip GY, Clementy N, Pericart L, Banerjee A, Fauchier L.. Stroke and major bleeding risk in elderly patients aged >/=75 years with atrial fibrillation: the Loire Valley atrial fibrillation project. Stroke 2015;46:143–50. PubMed

Chao TF, Lip GYH, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF. et al. Age threshold for the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights into the optimal assessment of age and incident comorbidities. Eur Heart J 2019;40:1504–14. PubMed

Sepehri Shamloo A, Dagres N, Mussigbrodt A, Stauber A, Kircher S, Richter S. et al. Atrial fibrillation and cognitive impairment: new insights and future directions. Heart Lung Circ 2020;29:69–85. PubMed

Schwarz N, Kuniss M, Nedelmann M, Kaps M, Bachmann G, Neumann T. et al. Neuropsychological decline after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1761–7. PubMed

Saw J, Tzikas A, Shakir S, Gafoor S, Omran H, Nielsen-Kudsk JE. et al. Incidence and clinical impact of device-associated thrombus and peri-device leak following left atrial appendage closure with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017;10:391–9. PubMed

Viles-Gonzalez JF, Kar S, Douglas P, Dukkipati S, Feldman T, Horton R. et al. The clinical impact of incomplete left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman Device in patients with atrial fibrillation: a PROTECT AF (Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:923–9. PubMed

Dukkipati SR, Kar S, Holmes DR, Doshi SK, Swarup V, Gibson DN. et al. Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure. Circulation 2018;138:874–85. PubMed

Fauchier L, Cinaud A, Brigadeau F, Lepillier A, Pierre B, Abbey S. et al. Device-related thrombosis after percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1528–36. PubMed

Saw J, Fahmy P, DeJong P, Lempereur M, Spencer R, Tsang M. et al. Cardiac CT angiography for device surveillance after endovascular left atrial appendage closure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:1198–206. PubMed PMC

Berte B, Jost CA, Maurer D, Fäh-Gunz A, Pillois X, Naegeli B. et al. Long-term follow-up after left atrial appendage occlusion with comparison of transesophageal echocardiography vs. computed tomography to guide medical therapy and data about post-closure cardioversion. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017;28:1140–50. PubMed

Wolf RK, Schneeberger EW, Osterday R, Miller D, Merrill W, Flege JB Jr.. et al. Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:797–802. PubMed

Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L. et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Europace 2018;20:157–208. PubMed PMC

Schellinger PD, Tsivgoulis G, Steiner T, Kohrmann M.. Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: review and critical appraisal. J Stroke 2018;20:281–91. PubMed PMC

Sharma SP, Park P, Lakkireddy D.. Left atrial appendages occlusion: current status and prospective. Korean Circ J 2018;48:692–704. PubMed PMC

Caliskan E, Sahin A, Yilmaz M, Seifert B, Hinzpeter R, Alkadhi H. et al. Epicardial left atrial appendage AtriClip occlusion reduces the incidence of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery. Europace 2018;20:e105–14. PubMed

Reddy VY, Sievert H, Halperin J, Doshi SK, Buchbinder M, Neuzil P. et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure vs warfarin for atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312:1988–98. PubMed

Holmes DR Jr, Kar S, Price MJ, Whisenant B, Sievert H, Doshi SK. et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1–12. PubMed

Reddy VY, Doshi SK, Kar S, Gibson DN, Price MJ, Huber K. et al. 5-Year outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: from the PREVAIL and PROTECT AF trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:2964–75. PubMed

Aryana A, Singh SK, Singh SM, Gearoid O’Neill P, Bowers MR, Allen SL. et al. Association between incomplete surgical ligation of left atrial appendage and stroke and systemic embolization. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1431–7. PubMed

Mohanty S, Gianni C, Trivedi C, Gadiyaram V, Della Rocca DG, MacDonald B. et al. Risk of thromboembolic events after percutaneous left atrial appendage ligation in patients with atrial fibrillation: long-term results from a multicenter study. Heart Rhythm 2019. PubMed

Kotecha D, Piccini JP.. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: what should we do? Eur Heart J 2015;36:3250–7. PubMed PMC

Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, Leip EP, Wolf PA. et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:2920–5. PubMed

Denham NC, Pearman CM, Caldwell JL, Madders GW, Eisner DA, Trafford AW. et al. Calcium in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Front Physiol 2018;9. PubMed PMC

Deedwania PC, Lardizabal JA.. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: a comprehensive review. Am J Med 2010;123:198–204. PubMed

Muller-Edenborn B, Minners J, Allgeier J, Burkhardt T, Lehrmann H, Ruile P. et al. Rapid improvement in left ventricular function after sinus rhythm restoration in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Europace 2019;21:871–8. PubMed

Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ.. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002;113:359–64. PubMed

Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Ducharme A, Granger CB, Michelson EL, McMurray JJ. et al. Atrial fibrillation and risk of clinical events in chronic heart failure with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results from the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1997–2004. PubMed

Kotecha D, Chudasama R, Lane DA, Kirchhof P, Lip GY.. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure due to reduced versus preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of death and adverse outcomes. Int J Cardiol 2016;203:660–6. PubMed

Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, Monahan KH, Bahnson TD, Poole JE. et al.; for the CABANA Investigators. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation: the CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;321:1261. PubMed PMC

Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, Siebels J, Boersma L, Jordaens L. et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2018;378:417–27. PubMed

Mathew JS, Marzec LN, Kennedy KF, Jones PG, Varosy PD, Masoudi FA. et al. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure US ambulatory cardiology practices and the potential for uptake of catheter ablation: an National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR((R))) Research to Practice (R2P) Project. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:1–11. PubMed PMC

Healey JS, Oldgren J, Ezekowitz M, Zhu J, Pais P, Wang J. et al. Occurrence of death and stroke in patients in 47 countries 1 year after presenting with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. The Lancet 2016;388:1161–9. PubMed

Fauchier L, Samson A, Chaize G, Gaudin AF, Vainchtock A, Bailly C. et al. Cause of death in patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to French hospitals in 2012: a nationwide database study. Open Heart 2015;2:e000290. PubMed PMC

Pokorney SD, Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Patel MR, Pieper KS, Halperin JL. et al. Cause of death and predictors of all-cause mortality in anticoagulated patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: data from ROCKET AF. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;7:3. e00219 PubMed PMC

Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Visotcky A, Szabo A, Kocheril AG.. African Americans have the highest risk of in-hospital mortality with atrial fibrillation related hospitalizations among all racial/ethnic groups: a nationwide analysis. Int J Cardiol 2012;158:165–6. PubMed

Jacobs V, May HT, Bair TL, Crandall BG, Cutler M, Day JD. et al. The impact of risk score (CHADS2 versus CHA2DS2-VASc) on long-term outcomes after atrial fibrillation ablation. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:681–6. PubMed

Fox KAA, Lucas JE, Pieper KS, Bassand JP, Camm AJ, Fitzmaurice DA. et al. Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation. BMJ Open 2017;7:e017157. PubMed PMC

Niederdockl J, Simon A, Schnaubelt S, Schuetz N, Laggner R, Sulzgruber P. et al. Cardiac biomarkers predict mortality in emergency patients presenting with atrial fibrillation. Heart 2019;105:482–8. PubMed PMC

Hijazi Z, Oldgren J, Lindback J, Alexander JH, Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW. et al.; the ARISTOTLE and RE-LY Investigators. A biomarker-based risk score to predict death in patients with atrial fibrillation: the ABC (age, biomarkers, clinical history) death risk score. Eur Heart J 2018;39:477–85. PubMed PMC

Esteve-Pastor MA, Roldan V, Rivera-Caravaca JM, Ramirez-Macias I, Lip GYH, Marin F.. The use of biomarkers in clinical management guidelines: a critical appraisal. Thromb Haemost 2019. PubMed

Chang TY, Lip GYH, Chen SA, Chao TF.. Importance of risk reassessment in patients with atrial fibrillation in guidelines: assessing risk as a dynamic process. Can J Cardiol 2019;35:611–8. PubMed

Esteve-Pastor MA, Rivera-Caravaca JM, Roldan V, Vicente V, Valdes M, Marin F. et al. Long-term bleeding risk prediction in ‘real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of the HAS-BLED and ABC-Bleeding risk scores. The Murcia Atrial Fibrillation Project. Thromb Haemost 2017;117:1848–58. PubMed

Rivera-Caravaca JM, Roldan V, Esteve-Pastor MA, Valdes M, Vicente V, Lip GYH. et al. Long-term stroke risk prediction in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of the ABC-stroke and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:1–9. PubMed PMC

Kaarisalo MM, Immonen-RäIhä P, Marttila RJ, Salomaa V, Kaarsalo E, Salmi K. et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke. Mortality and causes of death after the first acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997;28:311–5. PubMed

Gao H, Sun X, Li W, Gao Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y. et al. Development and validation of a risk score to predict 30-day mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation-related stroke: GPS-GF score. Neurol Res 2018;40:532–40. PubMed

Reinier K, Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Chugh H. et al. The association between atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death: the relevance of heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2014;2:221–7. PubMed

Okin PM, Bang CN, Wachtell K, Hille DA, Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B. et al. Relationship of sudden cardiac death to new-onset atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:243–51. PubMed

Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, Lopez FL, Yee LM, Heckbert SR. et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:29–35. PubMed PMC

Rattanawong P, Upala S, Riangwiwat T, Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Vutthikraivit W. et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2018;51:91–104. PubMed

Chao TF, Liu CJ, Tuan TC, Chen SJ, Chen TJ, Lip GYH. et al. Risk and prediction of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias for patients with atrial fibrillation—a Nationwide Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2017;7:46445. PubMed PMC

Eisen A, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Nordio F, Corbalan R, Dalby A. et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:1–12. PubMed PMC

Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, Wyse DG, Dorian P, Lee KL. et al. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2667–77. PubMed

Arbelo E, Brugada J, Hindricks G, Maggioni A, Tavazzi L, Vardas P. et al.; on behalf of the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Pilot Study Investigators. ESC-EURObservational Research Programme: the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Pilot Study, conducted by the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2012;14:1094–103. PubMed

Arbelo E, Brugada J, Hindricks G, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Vardas P. et al.; on the behalf of the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Pilot Study Investigators. The atrial fibrillation ablation pilot study: a European Survey on Methodology and results of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation conducted by the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1466–78. PubMed

Arbelo E, Brugada J, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Laroche C, Kautzner J, Pokushalov E. et al.; on the behalf of the ESC-EHRA Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Long-term Registry Investigators. Contemporary management of patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: in-hospital and 1-year follow-up findings from the ESC-EHRA atrial fibrillation ablation long-term registry. Eur Heart J 2017;38:1303–16. PubMed

De Greef Y, Stroker E, Schwagten B, Kupics K, De Cocker J, Chierchia GB. et al. Complications of pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation: predictors and comparison between four different ablation techniques: results from the MIddelheim PVI-registry. Europace 2018;20:1279–86. PubMed

Steinbeck G, Sinner MF, Lutz M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Kääb S, Reinecke H.. Incidence of complications related to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a nationwide in-hospital analysis of administrative data for Germany in 2014. Eur Heart J 2018;39:4020–9. PubMed PMC

Fink T, Metzner A, Willems S, Eckardt L, Ince H, Brachmann J. et al. Procedural success, safety and patients satisfaction after second ablation of atrial fibrillation in the elderly: results from the German Ablation Registry. Clin Res Cardiol 2019;108:1354–63. PubMed

Bunch TJ, May HT, Bair TL, Anderson JL, Crandall BG, Cutler MJ. et al. Long-term natural history of adult Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome patients treated with and without catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:1465–71. PubMed

Haissaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G. et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659–66. PubMed

Ebert M, Stegmann C, Kosiuk J, Dinov B, Richter S, Arya A. et al. Predictors, management, and outcome of cardioversion failure early after atrial fibrillation ablation. Europace 2018;20:1428–34. PubMed

Deng H, Bai Y, Shantsila A, Fauchier L, Potpara TS, Lip GY.. Clinical scores for outcomes of rhythm control or arrhythmia progression in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Clin Res Cardiol 2017;106:813–23. PubMed PMC

Degiovanni A, Boggio E, Prenna E, Sartori C, De Vecchi F, Marino PN; From the Novara Atrial Fibrillation (NAIF) Study Group. Association between left atrial phasic conduit function and early atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing electrical cardioversion. Clin Res Cardiol 2018;107:329–37. PubMed PMC

Mujović N, Marinković M, Lip GY, Potpara TS. Predicting recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Europace2018;20:f460–f461. PubMed

Sepehri Shamloo A, Dagres N, Dinov B, Sommer P, Husser-Bollmann D, Bollmann A. et al. Is epicardial fat tissue associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2019;22:132–8. PubMed PMC

Mesquita J, Ferreira AM, Cavaco D, Moscoso Costa F, Carmo P, Marques H. et al. Development and validation of a risk score for predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after a first catheter ablation procedure—ATLAS score. Europace 2018;20:f428–35. PubMed

Winkle RA, Jarman JW, Mead RH, Engel G, Kong MH, Fleming W. et al. Predicting atrial fibrillation ablation outcome: the CAAP-AF score. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:2119–25. PubMed

Canpolat U, Aytemir K, Yorgun H, Şahiner L, Kaya EB, Oto A.. A proposal for a new scoring system in the prediction of catheter ablation outcomes: promising results from the Turkish Cryoablation Registry. Int J Cardiol 2013;169:201–6. PubMed

Oacute Jcik M, Berkowitsch A, Greiss H, Zaltsberg S, Pajitnev D.. Repeated catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2013;77:2271–9. PubMed

Kornej J, Buttner P, Sommer P, Dagres N, Dinov B, Schumacher K. et al. Prediction of electro-anatomical substrate using APPLE score and biomarkers. Europace 2019;21:54–9. PubMed

Buttner P, Schumacher K, Dinov B, Zeynalova S, Sommer P, Bollmann A. et al. Role of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP in patients with atrial fibrillation: association with atrial fibrillation progression phenotypes. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:1132–7. PubMed

Kornej J, Hindricks G, Shoemaker MB, Husser D, Arya A, Sommer P. et al. The APPLE score: a novel and simple score for the prediction of rhythm outcomes after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol 2015;104:871–6. PubMed PMC

Kornej J, Hindricks G, Arya A, Sommer P, Husser D, Bollmann A.. The APPLE Score—a novel score for the prediction of rhythm outcomes after repeat catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169933. PubMed PMC

Kornej J, Schumacher K, Dinov B, Kosich F, Sommer P, Arya A. et al. Prediction of electro-anatomical substrate and arrhythmia recurrences using APPLE, DR-FLASH and MB-LATER scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation. Sci Rep 2018;8:12686. PubMed PMC

Kosiuk J, Dinov B, Kornej J, Acou WJ, Schonbauer R, Fiedler L. et al. Prospective, multicenter validation of a clinical risk score for left atrial arrhythmogenic substrate based on voltage analysis: DR-FLASH score. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2207–12. PubMed

Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, Davies W, Iesaka Y, Kalman J. et al. Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:32–8. PubMed

Lee G, Sparks PB, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Vohra JK, Medi C. et al. Low risk of major complications associated with pulmonary vein antral isolation for atrial fibrillation: results of 500 consecutive ablation procedures in patients with low prevalence of structural heart disease from a single center. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:163–8. PubMed

Deshmukh A, Patel NJ, Pant S, Shah N, Chothani A, Mehta K. et al. In-hospital complications associated with catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States between 2000 and 2010: analysis of 93 801 procedures. Circulation 2013;128:2104–12. PubMed

Tripathi B, Arora S, Kumar V, Abdelrahman M, Lahewala S, Dave M. et al. Temporal trends of in-hospital complications associated with catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States: an update from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2011-2014). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018;29:715–24. PubMed

Voskoboinik A, Sparks PB, Morton JB, Lee G, Joseph SA, Hawson JJ. et al. Low rates of major complications for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation maintained over 14 years: a single centre experience of 2750 consecutive cases. Heart Lung Circ 2018;27:976–83. PubMed

Shamloo AS, Dagres N, Arya A, Hindricks G.. Atrial fibrillation: a review of modifiable risk factors and preventive strategies. Rom J Intern Med 2019;57:99–109. PubMed

Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D. et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:2222–31. PubMed

Providencia R, Adragao P, de Asmundis C, Chun J, Chierchia G, Defaye P. et al. Impact of body mass index on the outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a European Observational Multicenter Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e012253. PubMed PMC

Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, De Silva A, Nicholls T, Costello B, Nanayakkara S. et al. Alcohol abstinence in drinkers with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020;382:20–8. PubMed

Pappone C, Rosanio S, Augello G, Gallus G, Vicedomini G, Mazzone P. et al. Mortality, morbidity, and quality of life after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: outcomes from a controlled nonrandomized long-term study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:185–97. PubMed

Mansour M, Heist EK, Agarwal R, Bunch TJ, Karst E, Ruskin JN. et al. Stroke and cardiovascular events after ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2018;121:1192–9. PubMed

Themistoclakis S, Corrado A, Marchlinski FE, Jais P, Zado E, Rossillo A. et al. The risk of thromboembolism and need for oral anticoagulation after successful atrial fibrillation ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:735–43. PubMed

Cox JL, Ad N, Palazzo T, Fitzpatrick S, Suyderhoud JP, DeGroot KW. et al. Current status of the Maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;12:15–9. PubMed

La Meir M, Gelsomino S, Luca F, Pison L, Colella A, Lorusso R. et al. Minimal invasive surgery for atrial fibrillation: an updated review. Europace 2013;15:170–82. PubMed

Gaynor SL, Diodato MD, Prasad SM, Ishii Y, Schuessler RB, Bailey MS. et al. A prospective, single-center clinical trial of a modified Cox Maze procedure with bipolar radiofrequency ablation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:535–42. PubMed

Fumagalli S, Chen J, Dobreanu D, Madrid AH, Tilz R, Dagres N.. The role of the Arrhythmia Team, an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to treatment of patients with cardiac arrhythmias: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2016;18:623–7. PubMed

Gammie JS, Haddad M, Milford-Beland S, Welke KF, Ferguson TB Jr, O'Brien SM. et al. Atrial fibrillation correction surgery: lessons from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:909–14. PubMed

Khurram IM, Maqbool F, Berger RD, Marine JE, Spragg DD, Ashikaga H. et al. Association between left atrial stiffness index and atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing left atrial ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:1–9. PubMed

Chen MC, Chang JP, Chang HW.. Preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency Maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery. Chest 2004;125:2129–34. PubMed

Sunderland N, Maruthappu M, Nagendran M.. What size of left atrium significantly impairs the success of Maze surgery for atrial fibrillation? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011;13:332–8. PubMed

Chaiyaroj S, Ngarmukos T, Lertsithichai P.. Predictors of sinus rhythm after radiofrequency Maze and mitral valve surgery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2008;16:292–7. PubMed

Gillinov AM, Bhavani S, Blackstone EH, Rajeswaran J, Svensson LG, Navia JL. et al. Surgery for permanent atrial fibrillation: impact of patient factors and lesion set. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:502–13; discussion 13–4. PubMed

Beukema WP, Sie HT, Misier AR, Delnoy PP, Wellens HJ, Elvan A.. Predictive factors of sustained sinus rhythm and recurrent atrial fibrillation after a radiofrequency modified Maze procedure. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2008;34:771–5. PubMed

Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, Berruezo A, Yilmaz A, Nadal M. et al. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2012;125:23–30. PubMed

Damiano RJ Jr, Schwartz FH, Bailey MS, Maniar HS, Munfakh NA, Moon MR. et al. The Cox Maze IV procedure: predictors of late recurrence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:113–21. PubMed PMC

Edgerton JR, McClelland JH, Duke D, Gerdisch MW, Steinberg BM, Bronleewe SH. et al. Minimally invasive surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: six-month results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;138:109–13; discussion 14. PubMed

Myerburg RJ, Mitrani R, Interian A Jr, Castellanos A.. Interpretation of outcomes of antiarrhythmic clinical trials: design features and population impact. Circulation 1998;97:1514–21. PubMed

Disertori M, Rigoni M, Pace N, Casolo G, Mase M, Gonzini L. et al. Myocardial fibrosis assessment by LGE is a powerful predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ischemic and nonischemic LV dysfunction: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:1046–55. PubMed

Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP. et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J 2000;21:2071–8. PubMed

Disertori M, Mase M, Rigoni M, Nollo G, Ravelli F.. Heart rate turbulence is a powerful predictor of cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias in postmyocardial infarction and heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9: PubMed

Morin DP, Zacks ES, Mauer AC, Ageno S, Janik M, Markowitz SM. et al. Effect of bundle branch block on microvolt T-wave alternans and electrophysiologic testing in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:904–12. PubMed

Biering-Sorensen T, Olsen FJ, Storm K, Fritz-Hansen T, Olsen NT, Jons C. et al. Prognostic value of tissue Doppler imaging for predicting ventricular arrhythmias and cardiovascular mortality in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;17:722–31. PubMed

Bui AH, Cannon CP, Steg PG, Storey RF, Husted S, Guo J. et al. Relationship between early and late nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and cardiovascular death in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) Trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e002951. PubMed

Selvanayagam JB, Hartshorne T, Billot L, Grover S, Hillis GS, Jung W. et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance-GUIDEd management of mild to moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (CMR GUIDE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2017;22:e12420. PubMed PMC

Prystowsky EN, Nisam S.. Prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator trials: MUSTT, MADIT, and beyond. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1214–5. a5. PubMed

Goldberger JJ, Subacius H, Patel T, Cunnane R, Kadish AH.. Sudden cardiac death risk stratification in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1879–89. PubMed

Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL.. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2004;292:2874–9. PubMed

Kuruvilla S, Adenaw N, Katwal AB, Lipinski MJ, Kramer CM, Salerno M.. Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:250–8. PubMed PMC

Marume K, Noguchi T, Tateishi E, Morita Y, Kamakura T, Ishibashi K. et al. Mortality and sudden cardiac death risk stratification using the noninvasive combination of wide QRS Duration and late gadolinium enhancement in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018;11:e006233. PubMed

Tung R, Bauer B, Schelbert H, Lynch JP, Auerbach M, Gupta P. et al. Incidence of abnormal positron emission tomography in patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmias: the potential role of occult inflammation in arrhythmogenesis. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2488–98. PubMed PMC

Heymans S, Eriksson U, Lehtonen J, Cooper LT Jr.. The quest for new approaches in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2348–64. PubMed

Betensky BP, Tschabrunn CM, Zado ES, Goldberg LR, Marchlinski FE, Garcia FC. et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:884–91. PubMed

Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, van Geuns RJ, Dassen WR, Gorgels AP. et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1683–90. PubMed

Patel MR, Cawley PJ, Heitner JF, Klem I, Parker MA, Jaroudi WA. et al. Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis. Circulation 2009;120:1969–77. PubMed PMC

Murtagh G, Laffin LJ, Beshai JF, Maffessanti F, Bonham CA, Patel AV. et al. Prognosis of myocardial damage in sarcoidosis patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: risk stratification using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:e003738. PubMed PMC

Aquaro GD, Perfetti M, Camastra G, Monti L, Dellegrottaglie S, Moro C. et al. Cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with preserved systolic function: ITAMY study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:1977–87. PubMed

Grani C, Eichhorn C, Biere L, Murthy VL, Agarwal V, Kaneko K. et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization in risk stratifying patients with suspected myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:1964–76. PubMed PMC

Mahfoud F, Gartner B, Kindermann M, Ukena C, Gadomski K, Klingel K. et al. Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: utility or futility? Eur Heart J 2011;32:897–903. PubMed

Ichinose A, Otani H, Oikawa M, Takase K, Saito H, Shimokawa H. et al. MRI of cardiac sarcoidosis: basal and subepicardial localization of myocardial lesions and their effect on left ventricular function. Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:862–9. PubMed

Van Hare GF, Javitz H, Carmelli D, Saul JP, Tanel RE, Fischbach PS. et al. Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: demographics, medical profiles, and initial outcomes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:759–70. PubMed

Khairy P, Van Hare GF, Balaji S, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Cohen MI. et al. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the recognition and management of arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), and the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ISACHD). Can J Cardiol 2014;30:e1–63. PubMed

Brugada J, Blom N, Sarquella-Brugada G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Deanfield J, Janousek J. et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for arrhythmias in the pediatric population: EHRA and AEPC-Arrhythmia Working Group joint consensus statement. Europace 2013;15:1337–82. PubMed

Harrison DA, Harris L, Siu SC, MacLoghlin CJ, Connelly MS, Webb GD. et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1368–73. PubMed

Knauth AL, Gauvreau K, Powell AJ, Landzberg MJ, Walsh EP, Lock JE. et al. Ventricular size and function assessed by cardiac MRI predict major adverse clinical outcomes late after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Heart 2008;94:211–6. PubMed

Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, Lucron H, Lambert J, MarçOn FOIS. et al. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of fallot repair: a multicenter study. Circulation 2004;109:1994–2000. PubMed

Hernandez-Madrid A, Paul T, Abrams D, Aziz PF, Blom NA, Chen J. et al. Arrhythmias in congenital heart disease: a position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Grown-up Congenital heart disease, endorsed by HRS, PACES, APHRS, and SOLAECE. Europace 2018;20:1719–53. PubMed

Vehmeijer JT, Koyak Z, Bokma JP, Budts W, Harris L, Mulder BJM. et al. Sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease: does QRS-complex fragmentation discriminate in structurally abnormal hearts? Europace 2018;20:f122–f8. PubMed

Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C. et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1932–63. PubMed

Roston TM, Yuchi Z, Kannankeril PJ, Hathaway J, Vinocur JM, Etheridge SP. et al. The clinical and genetic spectrum of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: findings from an international multicentre registry. Europace 2018;20:541–7. PubMed PMC

Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ.. The long QT syndrome: a transatlantic clinical approach to diagnosis and therapy. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3109–16. PubMed

Hayashi M, Denjoy I, Extramiana F, Maltret A, Buisson NR, Lupoglazoff JM. et al. Incidence and risk factors of arrhythmic events in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2009;119:2426–34. PubMed

Adler A, Rosso R, Chorin E, Havakuk O, Antzelevitch C, Viskin S.. Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: clinical characteristics, electrocardiographic parameters, and auxiliary testing. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:299–310. PubMed

Sieira J, Conte G, Ciconte G, Chierchia GB, Casado-Arroyo R, Baltogiannis G. et al. A score model to predict risk of events in patients with Brugada Syndrome. Eur Heart J 2017;38:1756–63. PubMed

Yamagata K, Horie M, Aiba T, Ogawa S, Aizawa Y, Ohe T. et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation of SCN5A mutation for the clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics of probands with Brugada syndrome: a Japanese Multicenter Registry. Circulation 2017;135:2255–70. PubMed

O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C. et al. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2010–20. PubMed

Priori SGDocument ReviewersWilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C. et al. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Europace 2013;15:1389–406. PubMed

van Rijsingen IA, Arbustini E, Elliott PM, Mogensen J, Hermans-van Ast JF, van der Kooi AJ. et al. Risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in Lamin A/C mutation carriers a European cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:493–500. PubMed

Corrado D, Link MS, Calkins H.. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2017;376:61–72. PubMed

Pedersen CT, Kay GN, Kalman J, Borggrefe M, Della-Bella P, Dickfeld T. et al. EHRA/HRS/APHRS expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias. Europace 2014;16:1257–83. PubMed

Calkins H, Corrado D, Marcus F.. Risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2017;136:2068–82. PubMed PMC

Wang W, Orgeron G, Tichnell C, Murray B, Crosson J, Monfredi O. et al. Impact of exercise restriction on arrhythmic risk among patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7. PubMed PMC

Sawant AC, Te Riele AS, Tichnell C, Murray B, Bhonsale A, Tandri H. et al. Safety of American Heart Association-recommended minimum exercise for desmosomal mutation carriers. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:199–207. PubMed

Philips B, Madhavan S, James C, Tichnell C, Murray B, Needleman M. et al. High prevalence of catecholamine-facilitated focal ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:160–6. PubMed

Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, Adler Y, Anastasakis A, Bohm M. et al. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2016;37:1850–8. PubMed

Deac M, Alpendurada F, Fanaie F, Vimal R, Carpenter JP, Dawson A. et al. Prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:3514–21. PubMed

Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce B, Bluemke DA. et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 2010;31:806–14. PubMed PMC

Denis A, Sacher F, Derval N, Martin R, Lim HS, Pambrun T. et al. Arrhythmogenic response to isoproterenol testing vs. exercise testing in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy patients. Europace 2018;20:f30–6. PubMed

Bhonsale A, Groeneweg JA, James CA, Dooijes D, Tichnell C, Jongbloed JD. et al. Impact of genotype on clinical course in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated mutation carriers. Eur Heart J 2015;36:847–55. PubMed

Quarta G, Syrris P, Ashworth M, Jenkins S, Zuborne Alapi K, Morgan J. et al. Mutations in the Lamin A/C gene mimic arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1128–36. PubMed

Gali WL, Sarabanda AV, Baggio JM, Silva EF, Gomes GG, Junqueira LF.. Predictors of mortality and heart transplantation in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia treated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Europace 2019;21:1070–8. PubMed

Ezekowitz JA, Rowe BH, Dryden DM, Hooton N, Vandermeer B, Spooner C. et al. Systematic review: implantable cardioverter defibrillators for adults with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:251–62. PubMed

Kolodziejczak M, Andreotti F, Kowalewski M, Buffon A, Ciccone MM, Parati G. et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention in patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:103–11. PubMed

Lee DS, Green LD, Liu PP, Dorian P, Newman DM, Grant FC. et al. Effectiveness of implantable defibrillators for preventing arrhythmic events and death: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1573–82. PubMed

Daubert JP, Zareba W, Cannom DS, McNitt S, Rosero SZ, Wang P. et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in MADIT II: frequency, mechanisms, predictors, and survival impact. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1357–65. PubMed

Koller MT, Schaer B, Wolbers M, Sticherling C, Bucher HC, Osswald S.. Death without prior appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: a competing risk study. Circulation 2008;117:1918–26. PubMed

Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH. et al. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1009–17. PubMed PMC

Blom LJ, Visser M, Christiaans I, Scholten MF, Bootsma M, van den Berg MP. et al. Incidence and predictors of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and its complications in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation patients. Europace 2019;21:1519–26. PubMed

Milman A, Hochstadt A, Andorin A, Gourraud JB, Sacher F, Mabo P. et al. Time-to-first appropriate shock in patients implanted prophylactically with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: data from the Survey on Arrhythmic Events in BRUgada Syndrome (SABRUS). Europace 2019;21:796–802. PubMed

Dougherty CM, Hunziker J.. Predictors of implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks during the first year. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2009;24:21–8. quiz 9–30. PubMed PMC

Konstantino Y, Shafat T, Novack V, Novack L, Amit G.. Incidence of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy and mortality in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Isr Med Assoc J 2015;17:760–3. PubMed

Nagahara D, Fujito T, Mochizuki A, Shimoshige S, Hashimoto A, Miura T.. Predictors of appropriate ICD therapy in Japanese patients with structural heart diseases: a major role of prior sustained ventricular tachycardia in secondary prevention. J Arrhythmia 2018;34:527–35. PubMed PMC

van Welsenes GH, van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, Cannegieter SC, Bax JJ, van Erven L. et al. Long-term follow-up of primary and secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. Europace 2011;13:389–94. PubMed

Zareba W, Moss AJ, Jackson Hall W, Wilber DJ, Ruskin JN, McNitt S. et al.; MADIT II Investigators. Clinical course and implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in postinfarction women with severe left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:1265–70. PubMed

Santangeli P, Pelargonio G, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Bisceglia C, Bartoletti S. et al. Gender differences in clinical outcome and primary prevention defibrillator benefit in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:876–82. PubMed

MacFadden DR, Crystal E, Krahn AD, Mangat I, Healey JS, Dorian P. et al. Sex differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator outcomes: findings from a prospective defibrillator database. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:195–203. PubMed

Seegers J, Conen D, Jung K, Bergau L, Dorenkamp M, Luthje L. et al. Sex difference in appropriate shocks but not mortality during long-term follow-up in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Europace 2016;18:1194–202. PubMed PMC

van der Heijden AC, Thijssen J, Borleffs CJ, van Rees JB, Hoke U, van der Velde ET. et al. Gender-specific differences in clinical outcome of primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Heart 2013;99:1244–9. PubMed

Wijers SC, van der Kolk BY, Tuinenburg AE, Doevendans PA, Vos MA, Meine M.. Implementation of guidelines for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in clinical practice: which patients do benefit? Neth Heart J 2013;21:274–83. PubMed PMC

Conen D, Arendacka B, Rover C, Bergau L, Munoz P, Wijers S. et al. Gender differences in appropriate shocks and mortality among patients with primary prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e0162756. PubMed PMC

Ghanbari H, Dalloul G, Hasan R, Daccarett M, Saba S, David S. et al. Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in women with advanced heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1500–6. PubMed

Providencia R, Marijon E, Lambiase PD, Bouzeman A, Defaye P, Klug D. et al. Primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in women-data from a Multicenter French Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:1–10. PubMed PMC

Borleffs CJ, van Rees JB, van Welsenes GH, van der Velde ET, van Erven L, Bax JJ. et al. Prognostic importance of atrial fibrillation in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:879–85. PubMed

Darma A, Nedios S, Kosiuk J, Richter S, Doering M, Arya A. et al. Differences in predictors of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies in patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Europace 2016;18:405–12. PubMed

Gronefeld GC, Mauss O, Li YG, Klingenheben T, Hohnloser SH.. Association between atrial fibrillation and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: results from a prospective study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1208–14. PubMed

Rienstra M, Smit MD, Nieuwland W, Tan ES, Wiesfeld AC, Anthonio RL. et al. Persistent atrial fibrillation is associated with appropriate shocks and heart failure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am Heart J 2007;153:120–6. PubMed

Chang IC, Agamawi YM, Austin E, Adkisson WO, Roukoz H, von Wald LN. et al. Usefulness of atrial fibrillation as a marker for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in both primary and secondary prevention in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Am J Cardiol 2016;118:1497–502. PubMed

van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, de Bie MK, Stijnen T, van Erven L, Bax JJ. et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:556–62. PubMed

Yang JH, Byeon K, Yim HR, Park JW, Park SJ, Huh J. et al. Predictors and clinical impact of inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in Korean patients. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:619–24. PubMed PMC

Deyell MW, Qi A, Chakrabarti S, Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Tung S, Khoo C. et al. Prognostic impact of inappropriate defibrillator shocks in a population cohort. Heart 2013;99:1250–5. PubMed

Fernandez-Cisnal A, Arce-Leon A, Arana-Rueda E, Rodriguez-Manero M, Gonzalez-Cambeiro C, Moreno-Arribas J. et al. Analyses of inappropriate shocks in a Spanish ICD primary prevention population: predictors and prognoses. Int J Cardiol 2015;195:188–94. PubMed

Mustafa U, Dherange P, Reddy R, DeVillier J, Chong J, Ihsan A. et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with higher overall mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7:e010156. PubMed PMC

Powell BD, Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, Day JD, Gilliam FR, Heidenreich PA. et al. Survival after shock therapy in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator recipients according to rhythm shocked. The ALTITUDE survival by rhythm study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1674–9. PubMed

Bergau L, Willems R, Sprenkeler DJ, Fischer TH, Flevari P, Hasenfuß G. et al. Differential multivariable risk prediction of appropriate shock versus competing mortality—a prospective cohort study to estimate benefits from ICD therapy. Int J Cardiol 2018;272:102–7. PubMed

Lelakowski J, Piekarz J, Rydlewska A, Majewski J, Senderek T, Ząbek A. et al. Factors predisposing to ventricular tachyarrhythmia leading to appropriate ICD intervention in patients with coronary artery disease or non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Kardiologia Polska 2012;70:1264–75. PubMed

Weeke P, Johansen JB, Jorgensen OD, Nielsen JC, Moller M, Videbaek R. et al. Mortality and appropriate and inappropriate therapy in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implanted cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention: data from the Danish ICD Register. Europace 2013;15:1150–7. PubMed

Schaer B, Kuhne M, Reichlin T, Osswald S, Sticherling C.. Incidence of and predictors for appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with a secondary preventive implantable cardioverter-defibrillator indication. Europace 2016;18:227–31. PubMed

Lee AKY, Andrade J, Hawkins NM, Alexander G, Bennett MT, Chakrabarti S. et al. Outcomes of untreated frequent premature ventricular complexes with normal left ventricular function. Heart 2019;105:1408–13. PubMed

Baman TS, Lange DC, Ilg KJ, Gupta SK, Liu TY, Alguire C. et al. Relationship between burden of premature ventricular complexes and left ventricular function. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:865–9. PubMed

Duffee DF, Shen WK, Smith HC.. Suppression of frequent premature ventricular contractions and improvement of left ventricular function in patients with presumed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:430–3. PubMed

Hasdemir C, Ulucan C, Yavuzgil O, Yuksel A, Kartal Y, Simsek E. et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias: the incidence, clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics, and the predictors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:663–8. PubMed

Huizar JF, Ellenbogen KA, Tan AY, Kaszala K.. Induced Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:2328–44. PubMed PMC

Tsuji A, Nagashima M, Hasegawa S, Nagai N, Nishibata K, Goto M. et al. Long-term follow-up of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias in otherwise normal children. Jpn Circ J 1995;59:654–62. PubMed

Hasdemir C, Yuksel A, Camli D, Kartal Y, Simsek E, Musayev O. et al. Late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy caused by idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35:465–70. PubMed

Penela D, Martinez M, Fernandez-Armenta J, Aguinaga L, Tercedor L, Ordonez A. et al. Influence of myocardial scar on the response to frequent premature ventricular complex ablation. Heart 2018. PubMed

Bogun F, Crawford T, Chalfoun N, Kuhne M, Sarrazin JF, Wells D. et al. Relationship of frequent postinfarction premature ventricular complexes to the reentry circuit of scar-related ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:367–74. PubMed

Ellis ER, Josephson ME.. Heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2013;10:296–306. PubMed

Huizar J. Prospective assessment of premature ventricular contractions suppression in cardiomyopathy (PAPS). 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03228823. (18 March 2020, date last accessed).

Dabbagh GS, Bogun F.. Predictors and therapy of cardiomyopathy caused by frequent ventricular ectopy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017;19:80. PubMed

Macatangay C, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Goldberger JJ.. Role of cardiac imaging in evaluating risk for sudden cardiac death. Cardiac Electrophysiol Clinics 2017;9:639–50. PubMed

Proclemer A, Bongiorni MG, Dagres N, Sciaraffia E, Todd D, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C.. How are European patients at risk of malignant arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death identified and informed about their risk profile: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2015;17:994–8. PubMed

Deyell MW, Krahn AD, Goldberger JJ.. Sudden cardiac death risk stratification. Circ Res 2015;116:1907–18. PubMed PMC

Fallavollita JA, Dare JD, Carter RL, Baldwa S, Canty JM. Jr. Denervated myocardium is preferentially associated with sudden cardiac arrest in ischemic cardiomyopathy: a pilot competing risks analysis of cause-specific mortality. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:1–11. PubMed PMC

Deng D, Arevalo HJ, Prakosa A, Callans DJ, Trayanova NA.. A feasibility study of arrhythmia risk prediction in patients with myocardial infarction and preserved ejection fraction. Europace 2016;18:iv60–iv6. PubMed PMC

Brugada P, Talajic M, Smeets J, Mulleneers R, Wellens HJ.. The value of the clinical history to assess prognosis of patients with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1989;10:747–52. PubMed

Sarter BH, Finkle JK, Gerszten RE, Buxton AE.. What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients presenting with hemodynamically stable sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction? J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:122–9. PubMed

Friedman DJ, Al-Khatib SM, Zeitler EP, Han J, Bardy GH, Poole JE. et al. New York Heart Association class and the survival benefit from primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a pooled analysis of 4 randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2017;191:21–9. PubMed PMC

Tung R, Vaseghi M, Frankel DS, Vergara P, Di Biase L, Nagashima K. et al. Freedom from recurrent ventricular tachycardia after catheter ablation is associated with improved survival in patients with structural heart disease: an International VT Ablation Center Collaborative Group Study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1997–2007. PubMed PMC

Bilchick KC, Wang Y, Cheng A, Curtis JP, Dharmarajan K, Stukenborg GJ. et al. Seattle heart failure and proportional risk models predict benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:2606–18. PubMed PMC

Kumar S, Androulakis AF, Sellal JM, Maury P, Gandjbakhch E, Waintraub X. et al. Multicenter experience with catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in Lamin A/C cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:1–11. PubMed

Levy WC, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, Sutradhar SC, Anker SD, Cropp AB. et al. The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure. Circulation 2006;113:1424–33. PubMed

Santangeli P, Muser D, Zado ES, Magnani S, Khetpal S, Hutchinson MD. et al. Acute hemodynamic decompensation during catheter ablation of scar-related ventricular tachycardia: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:68–75. PubMed

Vakil KP, Roukoz H, Tung R, Levy WC, Anand IS, Shivkumar K. et al. Mortality prediction using a modified Seattle Heart Failure Model may improve patient selection for ventricular tachycardia ablation. Am Heart J 2015;170:1099–104. PubMed

Santangeli P, Frankel DS, Tung R, Vaseghi M, Sauer WH, Tzou WS. et al. Early mortality after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:2105–15. PubMed

Frankel DS, Tung R, Santangeli P, Tzou WS, Vaseghi M, Di Biase L. et al. Sex and catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia: an International Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Center Collaborative Group Study. JAMA Cardiol 2016;1:938–44. PubMed

Tzou WS, Tung R, Frankel DS, Vaseghi M, Bunch TJ, Di Biase L. et al. Ventricular tachycardia ablation in severe heart failure: an International Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Center Collaboration Analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 201710: PubMed

Vaseghi M, Hu TY, Tung R, Vergara P, Frankel DS, Di Biase L. et al. Outcomes of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia based on etiology in nonischemic heart disease: an International Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Center Collaborative study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018;4:1141–50. PubMed PMC

Briceno DF, Romero J, Villablanca PA, Londono A, Diaz JC, Maraj I. et al. Long-term outcomes of different ablation strategies for ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2018;20:104–15. PubMed

Papageorgiou N, Providencia R, Bronis K, Dechering DG, Srinivasan N, Eckardt L. et al. Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review. Europace 2018;20:682–91. PubMed

Avila P, Perez-David E, Izquierdo M, Rojas-Gonzalez A, Sanchez-Gomez JM, Ledesma-Carbayo MJ. et al. Scar extension measured by magnetic resonance-based signal intensity mapping predicts ventricular tachycardia recurrence after substrate ablation in patients with previous myocardial infarction. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2015;1:353–65. PubMed

Berruezo A, Acosta J, Fernandez-Armenta J, Pedrote A, Barrera A, Arana-Rueda E. et al. Safety, long-term outcomes and predictors of recurrence after first-line combined endoepicardial ventricular tachycardia substrate ablation in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Impact of arrhythmic substrate distribution pattern. A prospective multicentre study. Europace 2017;19:607–16. PubMed

Santangeli P, Zado ES, Supple GE, Haqqani HM, Garcia FC, Tschabrunn CM. et al. Long-term outcome with catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:1413–21. PubMed

Dalal D, Jain R, Tandri H, Dong J, Eid SM, Prakasa K. et al. Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:432–40. PubMed

Fernandez-Armenta J, Andreu D, Penela D, Trucco E, Cipolletta L, Arbelo E. et al. Sinus rhythm detection of conducting channels and ventricular tachycardia isthmus in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:747–54. PubMed

Oloriz T, Silberbauer J, Maccabelli G, Mizuno H, Baratto F, Kirubakaran S. et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmia in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: anteroseptal versus inferolateral scar sub-types. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:414–23. PubMed

Ghanbari H, Baser K, Yokokawa M, Stevenson W, Della Bella P, Vergara P. et al. Noninducibility in postinfarction ventricular tachycardia as an end point for ventricular tachycardia ablation and its effects on outcomes: a meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:677–83. PubMed

Yokokawa M, Kim HM, Baser K, Stevenson W, Nagashima K, Della Bella P. et al. Predictive value of programmed ventricular stimulation after catheter ablation of post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1954–9. PubMed

Frankel DS, Mountantonakis SE, Zado ES, Anter E, Bala R, Cooper JM. et al. Noninvasive programmed ventricular stimulation early after ventricular tachycardia ablation to predict risk of late recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1529–35. PubMed

Oloriz T, Baratto F, Trevisi N, Barbaro M, Bisceglia C, D’Angelo G. et al. Defining the outcome of ventricular tachycardia ablation: timing and value of programmed ventricular stimulation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018;11:e005602. PubMed

Reddy VY, Reynolds MR, Neuzil P, Richardson AW, Taborsky M, Jongnarangsin K. et al. Prophylactic catheter ablation for the prevention of defibrillator therapy. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2657–65. PubMed PMC

Kuck KH, Schaumann A, Eckardt L, Willems S, Ventura R, Delacretaz E. et al. Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia before defibrillator implantation in patients with coronary heart disease (VTACH): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375:31–40. PubMed

Tilz RR, Kuck K-H, Kääb S, Wegscheider K, Thiem A, Wenzel B. et al. Rationale and design of BERLIN VT study: a multicenter randomised trial comparing preventive versus deferred ablation of ventricular tachycardia. BMJ Open 2019;9:e022910. PubMed PMC

Kuck KH, Tilz RR, Deneke T, Hoffmann BA, Ventura R, Hansen PS. et al. Impact of substrate modification by catheter ablation on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions in patients with unstable ventricular arrhythmias and coronary artery disease: results from the multicenter randomized controlled SMS (Substrate Modification Study). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017;10. PubMed

Dukes JW, Dewland TA, Vittinghoff E, Mandyam MC, Heckbert SR, Siscovick DS. et al. Ventricular ectopy as a predictor of heart failure and death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:101–9. PubMed PMC

Yokokawa M, Good E, Crawford T, Chugh A, Pelosi F Jr, Latchamsetty R. et al. Recovery from left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent premature ventricular complexes. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:172–5. PubMed

Carballeira Pol L, Deyell MW, Frankel DS, Benhayon D, Squara F, Chik W. et al. Ventricular premature depolarization QRS duration as a new marker of risk for the development of ventricular premature depolarization-induced cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:299–306. PubMed

Niwano S, Wakisaka Y, Niwano H, Fukaya H, Kurokawa S, Kiryu M. et al. Prognostic significance of frequent premature ventricular contractions originating from the ventricular outflow tract in patients with normal left ventricular function. Heart 2009;95:1230–7. PubMed

Lin CY, Chang SL, Lin YJ, Lo LW, Chung FP, Chen YY. et al. Long-term outcome of multiform premature ventricular complexes in structurally normal heart. Int J Cardiol 2015;180:80–5. PubMed

Del Carpio Munoz F, Syed FF, Noheria A, Cha YM, Friedman PA, Hammill SC. et al. Characteristics of premature ventricular complexes as correlates of reduced left ventricular systolic function: study of the burden, duration, coupling interval, morphology and site of origin of PVCs. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:791–8. PubMed

Zhong L, Lee YH, Huang XM, Asirvatham SJ, Shen WK, Friedman PA. et al. Relative efficacy of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs in treating premature ventricular contractions: a single-center retrospective study. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:187–93. PubMed

Olgun H, Yokokawa M, Baman T, Kim HM, Armstrong W, Good E. et al. The role of interpolation in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1046–9. PubMed

Leenhardt A, Glaser E, Burguera M, Nurnberg M, Maison-Blanche P, Coumel P.. Short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes. A new electrocardiographic entity in the spectrum of idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1994;89:206–15. PubMed

Prystowsky EN, Padanilam BJ, Joshi S, Fogel RI.. Ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1733–44. PubMed

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, Saviano M, Baldi M, Pappone A. et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation 2014;130:811–9. PubMed

Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez L-M, Vrouchos G, van den Dool A, Wellens HJ.. Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:492–4. PubMed

Katritsis DG, Boriani G, Cosio FG, Hindricks G, Jais P, Josephson ME. et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE). Europace 2017;19:465–511. PubMed

Katritsis DG, Boriani G, Cosio FG, Hindricks G, Jais P, Josephson ME. et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE). Eur Heart J 2018;39:1442–5. PubMed

Wackel P, Irving C, Webber S, Beerman L, Arora G.. Risk stratification in Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome: the correlation between noninvasive and invasive testing in pediatric patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35:1451–7. PubMed

Spar DS, Silver ES, Hordof AJ, Liberman L.. Relation of the utility of exercise testing for risk assessment in pediatric patients with ventricular preexcitation to pathway location. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1011–4. PubMed

Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, Arribas F, Bax Jj Blomstrom-Lundqvist C. et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2020;41:655–720. PubMed

Medi C, Kalman JM, Haqqani H, Vohra JK, Morton JB, Sparks PB. et al. Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy secondary to focal atrial tachycardia: long-term outcome after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1791–7. PubMed

Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, Arribas F, Bax J, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C. et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J 2020;41:655–720. PubMed

Rassi A Jr., Rassi A, Little WC, Xavier SS, Rassi SG, Rassi AG, et al.Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas’ heart disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:799-808. PubMed

Rassi A Jr., Rassi A.. Rassi Score: Another external validation with high performance in patients with chagas cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1734-5. PubMed

Martinelli Filho M, Sosa E, Nishioka S, Scanavacca M, Bellotti G, Pileggi F.. Clinical and electrophysiologic features of syncope in chronic chagasic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994;5:563-70. PubMed

Scanavacca M, Sosa E.. Electrophysiologic study in chronic Chagas’ heart disease. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina 1995;113:841-50. PubMed

Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM, Ianni BM, Parga JR, Avila LF, et al.Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas’ disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1553-8. PubMed

Noya-Rabelo MM,, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Machado A, Pacheco T, Torreao J, et al.The Presence and Extension of Myocardial Fibrosis in the Undetermined Form of Chagas’ Disease: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2018;110:124-31. PubMed PMC

Senra T, Ianni BM, Costa ACP, Mady C, Martinelli-Filho M, Kalil-Filho R, et al.Long-Term Prognostic Value of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Chagas Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2577-87. PubMed

Uellendahl M, Siqueira ME, Calado EB, Kalil-Filho R, Sobral D, Ribeiro C, et al.Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologi 2016;107:460-6. PubMed PMC

Gali WL, Sarabanda AV, Baggio JM, Silva EF, Gomes GG, Junqueira LF.. Predictors of mortality and heart transplantation in patients with Chagas’ cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia treated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Europace: European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology: journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2019;21:1070-78. PubMed

Cardinalli-Neto A, Lorga-Filho AM, Silva EF, Lima RP, Palmegiani E, Bestetti RB.. Clinical predictors of inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during electrophysiologic study in patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology Heart & Vasculature 2015;9:85-8. PubMed PMC

Barbosa MP, Carmo AA, Rocha MO, Ribeiro AL.. Ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas disease. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2015;48:4-10. PubMed

Volpe GJ, Moreira HT, Trad HS, Wu KC, Braggion-Santos MF, Santos MK, et al.Left Ventricular Scar and Prognosis in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2567-76. PubMed

Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B. et al. 2016. ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2893-962. PubMed

Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Calkins H, Darrieux FCC. et al. 2019. HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:e301-72. PubMed

Najít záznam

v BMČ

European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus on risk assessment in cardiac arrhythmias: use the right tool for the right outcome, in the right population

Najít záznam

Citační ukazatele

Možnosti archivace