Fungi in the class Leotiomycetes are ecologically diverse, including mycorrhizas, endophytes of roots and leaves, plant pathogens, aquatic and aero-aquatic hyphomycetes, mammalian pathogens, and saprobes. These fungi are commonly detected in cultures from diseased tissue and from environmental DNA extracts. The identification of specimens from such character-poor samples increasingly relies on DNA sequencing. However, the current classification of Leotiomycetes is still largely based on morphologically defined taxa, especially at higher taxonomic levels. Consequently, the formal Leotiomycetes classification is frequently poorly congruent with the relationships suggested by DNA sequencing studies. Previous class-wide phylogenies of Leotiomycetes have been based on ribosomal DNA markers, with most of the published multi-gene studies being focussed on particular genera or families. In this paper we collate data available from specimens representing both sexual and asexual morphs from across the genetic breadth of the class, with a focus on generic type species, to present a phylogeny based on up to 15 concatenated genes across 279 specimens. Included in the dataset are genes that were extracted from 72 of the genomes available for the class, including 10 new genomes released with this study. To test the statistical support for the deepest branches in the phylogeny, an additional phylogeny based on 3156 genes from 51 selected genomes is also presented. To fill some of the taxonomic gaps in the 15-gene phylogeny, we further present an ITS gene tree, particularly targeting ex-type specimens of generic type species. A small number of novel taxa are proposed: Marthamycetales ord. nov., and Drepanopezizaceae and Mniaeciaceae fams. nov. The formal taxonomic changes are limited in part because of the ad hoc nature of taxon and specimen selection, based purely on the availability of data. The phylogeny constitutes a framework for enabling future taxonomically targeted studies using deliberate specimen selection. Such studies will ideally include designation of epitypes for the type species of those genera for which DNA is not able to be extracted from the original type specimen, and consideration of morphological characters whenever genetically defined clades are recognized as formal taxa within a classification.

Blaihofstr aße 4272074 Tübingen Germany

Department of Biostatistics Yale University 135 College St New Haven CT 06510 USA

Department of Botany National Museum of Nature and Science 4 1 1 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 0005 Japan

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard Herbarium 22 Divinity Ave Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Lai 40 EE 51005 Tartu Estonia

Leibniz Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Inhoffenstrasse 7B 38124 Braunschweig Germany

Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 Auckland 1142 New Zealand

State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Yale Centre for Genome Analysis Yale University Orange CT 06477 USA

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