Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.

Academy of Science The Royal Society of Thailand Bangkok 10300 Thailand

Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China Institute of Plant Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing 100097 China

Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai 57100 Thailand

Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen The Netherlands

Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Science Kunming 650201 Yunnan China

Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research Institute for Organic Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany

Department Microbial Drugs Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover Braunschweig Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Brunswick Germany

Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology Institute of Microbial Genetics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln an der Donau Austria

Department of Biochemistry Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand

Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science Mahidol University 272 Rama 6 Road Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400 Thailand

Department of Dermatology Peking University 1st Hospital Peking University Beijing China

Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Haizhu District Guangzhou 510225 China

INRAE UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety 33882 Villenave d'Ornon France

Institute of Microbiology Technische Universität Braunschweig Spielmannstraße 7 38106 Brunswick Germany

Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 Yunnan China

Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Guizhou Medical University Guiyang China

Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Microbiology Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program Federal University of Paraná Curitiba Brazil

Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center University of Nizwa Nizwa Oman

Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand

School of Science Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai 57100 Thailand

Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 Yunnan China

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Amesia hispanica sp. nov., Producer of the Antifungal Class of Antibiotics Dactylfungins