PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the relationship between smoking and bladder cancer (BCa), especially with respect to treatment outcomes for muscle and nonmuscle-invasive BCa (MIBC/NMIBC). RECENT FINDINGS: PubMed/Medline databases were searched for recent reports investigating the association of smoking with BCa. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of recurrence in patients with NMIBC and may impair Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment efficacy. Moreover, smoking is associated with poor responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, poor survival outcomes and high complication rates in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Smoking cessation mitigates these negative effects, especially. However, the amount of patient counselling provided regarding this important matter and patient knowledge regarding smoking and BCa risk are inadequate. Currently, the impact of secondhand smoke on BCa risk remains uncertain. SUMMARY: Tobacco smoking is responsible for approximately half of BCa cases, and is associated with poor oncological outcomes for both NMIBC and MIBC. Despite smoking being a well known risk factor, counselling and knowledge in this area are insufficient. Appropriate smoking cessation interventions and patient information are required to improve patient health and optimize BCa survival.

Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Alberta Health Services

Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Urology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Urology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan

Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas USA

Department of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York

Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada

Division of Urology Department of Special Surgery The University of Jordan Amman Jordan

European Association of Urology Research Foundation Arnhem Netherlands

Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health 1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna Austria

Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran

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