Despite high vaccine coverage in many parts of the world, pertussis is resurging in a number of areas in which acellular vaccines are the primary vaccine administered to infants and young children. This is attributed in part to the suboptimal and short-lived immunity elicited by acellular pertussis vaccines and to their inability to prevent nasal colonization and transmission of the etiologic agent Bordetella pertussis In response to this escalating public health concern, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases held the workshop "Overcoming Waning Immunity in Pertussis Vaccines" in September 2019 to identify issues and possible solutions for the defects in immunity stimulated by acellular pertussis vaccines. Discussions covered aspects of the current problem, gaps in knowledge and possible paths forward. This review summarizes presentations and discussions of some of the key points that were raised by the workshop.

Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201

Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA 30602

Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA 30602;

Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center West Virginia University Morgantown WV 26506

Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232

Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Washington D C 20852

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic

Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Kaiser Permanente Northern California Oakland CA 94611

National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital Southampton and Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom

Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602; and

School of Biochemistry and Immunology Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin D02 PN40 Ireland

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