The aims of this work were to summarize the nutritional value of the milk thistle seed cakes and hempseed cakes and describe the influence on selected performance parameters, metabolism and animal health from inclusion of these non-traditional feeds into diets. It seems more appropriate to apply the extract of the bioactive substances complex to the livestock diets than addition of expellers or other forms of plants processing. The seed expellers, etc. mostly worsened the chickens' performance parameters with higher doses in diets, while most of the work using the extract yields had positive results on animal performance.

Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemědělská 1 CZ 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Khan M.A., Blackshaw R.E., Marwat K.B. Biology of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the management options for growers in north-western Pakistan. Weed Biol. Manag. 2009;9:99–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00326.x. DOI

Křen V., Walterová D. Silybin and silymarin—New effects and applications. Biomed. Pap. 2005;149:29–41. doi: 10.5507/bp.2005.002. PubMed DOI

Kroll D.J., Shaw H.S., Oberlies N.H. Milk thistle nomenclature: Why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integr. Cancer. 2007;6:110–119. doi: 10.1177/1534735407301825. PubMed DOI

Luper S. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: Part 1. Altern. Med. Rev. 1998;3:410–421. PubMed

Saller R., Meier R., Brignoli R. The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs. 2001;61:2035–2063. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161140-00003. PubMed DOI

Chambers C.S., Holečková V., Petrásková L., Biedermann D., Valentová K., Buchta M., Křen V. The silymarin composition and why does it matter. Food Res. Int. 2017;100:339–353. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.017. PubMed DOI

Padua L.S., Bunyaprafatsara N., Lemmens R.H.M.J. Medicinal and poisonous plants. In: Valkenburg J.L.C.H., Bunyapraphatsara M., editors. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Backhuys Publishers; New Delhi, India: 1999. pp. 167–175.

Callaway J.C. Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica. 2004;140:65–72. doi: 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6. DOI

Gunstone F.D., Harwood J.L. Occurence and characterisation of oils and fats. In: Gunstone F.D., Harwood J.L., Dijkstra A.J., editors. The Lipid Handbook with CD-Rom. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2007. pp. 37–141.

Leizer C., Ribnicky D., Poulev A., Dushenkov S., Raskin I. The composition of hempseed oil and its potential as an important source of nutrition. J. Nutraceuticals Funct. Med. Foods. 2000;2:35–53. doi: 10.1300/J133v02n04_04. DOI

House J.D., Neufeld J., Leson G. Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed and hemp seed products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58:11801–11807. doi: 10.1021/jf102636b. PubMed DOI

Hampson A.J., Grimaldi M., Lolic M., Wink D., Rosenthal R., Axelrod J. Neuroprotective antioxidants from marijuana. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2000;899:274–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06193.x. PubMed DOI

Koch J.E. Delta 9-THC stimulates food intake in Lewis rats: Effects on chow, high-fat and sweet high-fat diets. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 2001;68:539–543. doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00467-1. PubMed DOI

Potter D.J., Clark P., Brown M.B. Potency of Δ9–THC and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2005: Implications for psychoactivity and pharmacology. J. Forensic Sci. 2008;53:90–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00603.x. PubMed DOI

Hohmann A.G., Suplita R.L. Endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation. Aaps. J. 2006;8:693–708. doi: 10.1208/aapsj080479. PubMed DOI PMC

Rea K., Roche M., Finn D.P. Supraspinal modulation of pain by cannabinoids: The role of GABA and glutamate. Br. J. Pharm. 2007;152:633–648. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707440. PubMed DOI PMC

Jhaveri M.D., Elmes S.J.R., Richardson D., Barrett D.A., Kendall D.A., Mason R., Chapman V. Evidence for a novel functional role of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the thalamus of neuropathic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008;27:1722–1730. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06162.x. PubMed DOI PMC

Lamontagne D., Lepicier P., Lagneux C., Bouchard J.F. The endogenous cardiac cannabinoid system: A new protective mechanism. Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss. 2006;99:242–246. PubMed

Crippa J.A.S., Derenusson G.N., Ferrari T.B., Wichertana L., Duran F.L., Martin-Santos R., Filho A.S. Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: A preliminary report. J. Psychopharmacol. 2011;25:121–130. doi: 10.1177/0269881110379283. PubMed DOI

Mortati K., Dworetzky B., Devinsky O. Marijuana: An effective antiepileptic treatment in partial epilepsy? A case report and review of the literature. Rev. Neurol. Dis. 2007;4:103–106. PubMed

Alvarado R.I.N., Sánchez R.M., Del C., Salcedo V.V. Therapeutic properties of cannabinoid drugs and marijuana in several disorders: A narrative review. Salud. Ment. 2017;40:111–118. doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2017.014. DOI

Horváth B., Mukhopadhyay P., Haskó G., Pacher P. The endocannabinoid system and plant derived cannabinoids in diabetes and diabetic complications. Am. J. Pathol. 2012;180:432–442. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Silver R. The endocannabinoid system of animals. Animals. 2019;9:686. doi: 10.3390/ani9090686. PubMed DOI PMC

Malek T.R. The biology of interleukin-2. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2008;26:453–479. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090357. PubMed DOI

Bihl F., Germain C., Luci C., Braud V.M. Mechanisms of NK cell activation: CD4+ T cells enter the scene. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2011;68:3457–3467. doi: 10.1007/s00018-011-0796-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Hermanson D.J., Marnett L.J. Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011;30:599–612. doi: 10.1007/s10555-011-9318-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Sarfaraz S., Adhami V.M., Syed D.N., Afaq F., Mukhtar H. Cannabinoids for cancer treatment: Progress and promise. Cancer Res. 2008;68:339–342. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2785. PubMed DOI

Mcalliste S.D., Rigel T.C., Horowitz M.P., Garcia A., Desprez P.Y. Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer. 2007;6:2921–2927. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371. PubMed DOI

Di Marzo V., Piscitelli F., Mechoulam R. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in metabolic disorders with focus on diabetes. In: Schwanstecher M., editor. Diabetes—Perspectives in Drug Therapy. Springer; Berlin, Germany: 2011. pp. 75–104. PubMed

Aizpurua-Olaizola O., Elezgarai I., Rico-Barrio I., Zarandona I., Etxebarria N., Usobiaga A. Targeting the endocannabinoid system: Future therapeutic strategies. Drug. Discov. Today. 2017;22:105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.005. PubMed DOI

Engeli S., Bohnke J., Feldpausch M., Gorzelniak K., Janke J., Batkai S., Pacher P., Harvey-White J., Luft F.C., Sharma A.M., et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes. 2005;54:2838–2843. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2838. PubMed DOI PMC

Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51:1356–1367. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1048-2. PubMed DOI

Tam J., Vemuri V.K., Liu J., Bátkai S., Mukhopadhyay B., Godlewski G., Osei-Hyiaman D., Ohnuma S., Ambudkar S.V., Pickel J., et al. Peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves cardiometabolic risk in mouse models of obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 2010;120:2953–2966. doi: 10.1172/JCI42551. PubMed DOI PMC

Šťastník O., Jůzl M., Karásek F., Fernandová D., Mrkvicová E., Pavlata L., Nedomová Š., Vyhnánek T., Trojan V., Doležal P. The effect of hempseed expellers on selected quality indicators of broiler chicken’s meat. Acta Vet. Brno. 2019;88:121–128. doi: 10.2754/avb201988010121. DOI

Šťastník O., Mrkvicová E., Pavlata L., Roztočilová A., Umlášková B., Anzenbacherová E. Performance, biochemical profile and antioxidant activity of hens supplemented with addition of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed cakes in diet. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvc. Mendel. Brun. 2019;67:993–1003. doi: 10.11118/actaun201967040993. DOI

Vargas-Mendoza N., Madrigal-Santillán E., Morales-González A., Esquivel-Soto J., Esquivel-Chirino C., García-Luna Y., González-Rubio M., Gayosso-De-Lucio J.A., Morales-González J.A. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. World J. Hepatol. 2014;6:144–149. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i3.144. PubMed DOI PMC

Kosina P., Dokoupilová A., Janda K., Sládková K., Silberová P., Pivodová V., Ulrichová J. Effect of Silybum marianum fruit constituents on the health status of rabbits in repeated 42 day fattening experiment. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 2017;223:128–140. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.013. DOI

Křížová L., Watzková J., Třináctý J., Richter M., Buchta M. Rumen degradability and whole tract digestibility of flavonolignans from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruit expeller in dairy cows. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2011;56:269–278. doi: 10.17221/1285-CJAS. DOI

Suchý P., Straková E., Kummer V., Herzig I., Písaříková V., Blechová R., Mašková J. Hepatoprotective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed cakes during the chicken broiler fattening. Acta Vet. Brno. 2008;77:31–38. doi: 10.2754/avb200877010031. DOI

Schiavone A., Righi F., Quarantelli A., Bruni R., Serventi P., Fusari A. Use of Silybum marianum fruit extract in broiler chicken nutrition: Influence on performance and meat quality. J. Anim. Physiol. Nutr. 2007;91:256–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00701.x. PubMed DOI

Khan U.R., Durrani F.R., Chand N., Anwar H. Influence of feed supplementation with cannabis sativa on quality of broilers carcass. Pak. Vet. J. 2010;30:34–38.

Neijat M., Gakhar N., Neufeld J., House J.D. Performance, egg quality, and blood plasma chemistry of laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil. Poult. Sci. 2014;93:2827–2840. doi: 10.3382/ps.2014-03936. PubMed DOI

Eriksson M., Wall H. Hemp seed cake in organic broiler diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 2012;171:205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.007. DOI

Halle I., Schöne F. Influence of rapeseed cake, linseed cake and hemp seed cake on laying performance of hens and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. J. Verbrauch Lebensm. 2013;8:185–193. doi: 10.1007/s00003-013-0822-3. DOI

Serrapica F., Masucci F., Raffrenato E., Sannino M., Vastolo A., Barone C., Di Francia A. High fiber cakes from mediterranean multipurpose oilseeds as protein sources for ruminants. Animals. 2019;9:918. doi: 10.3390/ani9110918. PubMed DOI PMC

Šťastník O., Jůzl M., Karásek F., Štenclová H., Nedomová Š., Pavlata L., Mrkvicová E., Doležal P., Jarošová A. The effect of feeding milk thistle seed cakes on quality indicators of broiler chickens meat. Potravinarstvo. 2016;10:248–254. doi: 10.5219/579. DOI

Stastnik O., Karasek F., Stenclova H., Trojan V., Vyhnanek T., Pavlata L., Mrkvicova E. The effect of hempseed cakes on broiler chickens peroformance parameters; Proceedings of the 22nd International PhD Students Conference Location; Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic. 11–12 November 2015; pp. 157–160.

Stastnik O., Detvanova L., Karasek F., Stenclova H., Kalhotka L., Pavlata L., Mrkvicova E. The Influence of Milk Thistle Seed Cakes on Broiler Chickens Performance Parameters; Proceedings of the 22nd International PhD Students Conference Location; Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic. 11–12 November 2015; pp. 152–156.

Hashemi Jabali N.S., Mahdavi A.H., Ansari Mahyari S., Sedghi M., Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki R. Effects of milk thistle meal on performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, jejunal morphology and blood lipid peroxidation in laying hens fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy. J. Anim. Physiol. N. 2017;101:1–11. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12747. PubMed DOI

Zarei A., Morovat M., Chamani M., Sadeghi A.A., Dadvar P. Effect of in ovo feeding and dietary feeding of Silybum marianum extract on performance, immunity and blood cation anion balance of broiler chickens exposed to high temperatures. Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2016;6:697–705.

Tedesco D., Steidler S., Galletti S., Tameni M., Sonzogni O., Ravarotto L. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2004;83:1839–1843. doi: 10.1093/ps/83.11.1839. PubMed DOI

Skřivan M., Englmaierová M., Taubner T., Skřivanová E. Effects of dietary hemp seed and flaxseed on growth performance, meat fatty acid compositions, liver tocopherol concentration and bone strength of cockerels. Animals. 2020;10:458. doi: 10.3390/ani10030458. PubMed DOI PMC

Silversides F.G., Lefrancois M.R. The effect of feeding hemp seed meal to laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 2005;46:231–235. doi: 10.1080/0071660500066183. PubMed DOI

Gakhar N., Goldberg E., Jing M., Gibson R., House J.D. Effect of feeding hemp seed and hemp seed oil on laying hen performance and egg yolk fatty acid content: Evidence of their safety and efficacy for laying hen diets. Poult. Sci. 2012;91:701–711. doi: 10.3382/ps.2011-01825. PubMed DOI

Kalantar M., Salary J., Sanami M.N., Khojastekey M., Matin H.R.H. Dietary supplementation of Silybum marianum or curcuma spp on health characteristics and broiler chicken performance. Glob. J. Anim. Sci. Res. 2014;2:58–63.

Lichovnikova M., Kalhotka L., Adam V., Klejdus B., Anderle V. The effects of red grape pomace inclusion in grower diet on amino acid digestibility, intestinal microflora, and sera and liver antioxidant activity in broilers. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2015;39:406–412. doi: 10.3906/vet-1403-64. DOI

National Research Council . Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press; Washington, DC, USA: 1994.

Aviagen Group Broiler Nutrition Specifications. [(accessed on 20 May 2020)]; Available online: http://en.aviagen.com/ross-308.

González-Alvarado J.M., Jiménez-Moreno E., Lázaro R., Mateos G.G. Effect of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and inclusion of fiber in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poult. Sci. 2007;86:1705–1715. doi: 10.1093/ps/86.8.1705. PubMed DOI

Mateos G.G., Jimenez-Moreno E., Serrano M.P., Lazaro R.P. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. J. Appl Poult. Res. 2012;21:156–174. doi: 10.3382/japr.2011-00477. DOI

Albiker D., Bieler R., Zweifel R. Crude fibre in layer feed influences performance and plumage of LSL Hybrid; Proceedings of the 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (ESPN); Prague, Czech Republic. 24–27 August 2015.

Lohmann Tierczucht Management Guide. [(accessed on 20 May 2020)]; Available online: http://www.ltz.de/en/downloads/management-guides.php#anchor_0955c6a8_Accordion-1-Cage.

Honzík Z. Vláknina ve výživě nosnic: Význam výběru správného zdroje vlákniny. Drůbežář. 2015;2:18–20.

Miranda C.L., Stevens J.F., Ivanov V., Mccall M., Frei B., Deinzer M.L., Buhler D.R. Antioxidant and prooxidant actions of prenylated and nonprenylated chalcones and flavanones in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000;48:3876–3884. doi: 10.1021/jf0002995. PubMed DOI

Blevins S., Siegel P., Blodgett D., Ehrich M., Saunders G., Lewis R. Effects of silymarin on gossypol toxicosis in divergent lines of chickens. Poult. Sci. 2010;89:1878–1886. doi: 10.3382/ps.2010-00768. PubMed DOI

Gyenis J., Suto Z., Romvari R., Horn P. Tracking the development of serum biochemical parameters in two laying hen strains—A comparative study. Arch. Tierz. 2006;49:593–606. doi: 10.5194/aab-49-593-2006. DOI

Gawel A., Kotonski B., Madej J., Mazurkiewicz M. Effect of silimarin on chicken and turkey broilers’ rearing and the production indices of reproduction hen flocks. Med. Weter. 2003;59:517–520.

Schönfeld J.V., Weisbrod B., Müller M. Silibinin, a plant extract with antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties, protects exocrine pancreas from cyclosporin A toxicity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1997;53:917–920. doi: 10.1007/s000180050111. PubMed DOI PMC

Gažák R., Walterová D., Křen V. Silybin and silymarin-new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007;14:315–338. doi: 10.2174/092986707779941159. PubMed DOI

Chand N., Din Muhammad F.R., Durrani M., Sahibzada S. Protective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) against aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Asian Austral. J. Anim. 2011;24:1011–1018. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2011.10418. DOI

Makki O.F., Afzali N., Omidi A. Effect of different levels of Silymarin (Silybum marianum) on growth rate, carcass variables and liver morphology of broiler chickens contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Poult. Sci. J. 2013;1:105–116.

Harr K.E. Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: A review. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2002;31:140–151. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00295.x. PubMed DOI

Wellington K., Jarvis B. Silymarin: A review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorder. BioDrugs. 2001;15:465–489. doi: 10.2165/00063030-200115070-00005. PubMed DOI

Alassi S.B., Allaw A.A. Effect of adding of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed powder in the traits of biochemical blood of the quail. Plant. Arch. 2020;20:962–964.

Afzali N., Barani M., Hosseini Vashan S.J. The effect of different levels of extruded hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, plasma lipid profile and immune response of broiler chicks; Proceedings of the 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (ESPN); Prague, Czech Republic. 24–27 August 2015; p. 196.

Barani M., Afzali N., Hosseini Vashan S.J. The effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, some blood biochemical parameters and immune response of broiler chickens; Proceedings of the 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (ESPN); Prague, Czech Republic. 24–27 August 2015; p. 198.

Palade L., Habeanu M., Marin D., Chedea V., Pistol G., Grosu I., Gheorghe A., Ropota M., Taranu I. Effect of dietary hemp seed on oxidative status in sows during late gestation and lactation and their offspring. Animals. 2019;9:194. doi: 10.3390/ani9040194. PubMed DOI PMC

Kosina P., Maurel P., Ulrichova J., Dvorak Z. Effect of silybin and its glycosides on the expression of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2005;19:149–153. doi: 10.1002/jbt.20066. PubMed DOI

Sonnenbichler J., Zetl I. Biochemical effects of the flavonolignane silibinin on RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in rat livers. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1986;213:319–331. PubMed

Oskoueian E., Abdullah N., Idrus Z., Ebrahimi M., Goh Y.M., Shakeri M., Oskoueian A. Palm kernel cake extract exerts hepatoprotective activity in heat-induced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocytes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;14:368. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-368. PubMed DOI PMC

Surai P.F. Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: An overview of the current evidence and perspectives. Antioxidants. 2015;4:204–247. doi: 10.3390/antiox4010204. PubMed DOI PMC

Occurrence of mycotoxins in milk thistle: to be included in legislation or not?

The Effects of Adding Hempseed Cake on Sperm Traits, Body Weight, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Rabbit Males

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens' diets and its effect on performance, digestive tract morphology and blood biochemical profile

Influence of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on Biochemical Values of Equine Plasma Subjected to Physical Exertion