A highly effective way to improve prognosis of viral infectious diseases and to determine the outcome of infection is early, fast, simple, and efficient diagnosis of viral pathogens in biological fluids. Among a wide range of viral pathogens, Flaviviruses attract a special attention. Flavivirus genus includes more than 70 viruses, the most familiar being dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Haemorrhagic and encephalitis diseases are the most common severe consequences of flaviviral infection. Currently, increasing attention is being paid to the development of electrochemical immunological methods for the determination of Flaviviruses. This review critically compares and evaluates recent research progress in electrochemical biosensing of DENV, ZIKV, and JEV without labelling. Specific attention is paid to comparison of detection strategies, electrode materials, and analytical characteristics. The potential of so far developed biosensors is discussed together with an outlook for further development in this field.

Department of Solid State Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technicka 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic

School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Lenin Avenue 30 634050 Tomsk Russia

UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Albertov 6 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic

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A paradigm shift in the detection of bloodborne pathogens: conventional approaches to recent detection techniques