The ratio of day-to-night length, known as the photoperiod, is used by many organisms to predict the oncoming of adverse seasons through the use of a photoperiodic clock system. The molecular and neural architecture of these time-measuring devices is unclear, although some evidence suggests involvement of circadian factors, that is, proteins responsible for daily oscillations. This review summarizes specific difficulties in the research of photoperiodic clocks, highlights recent successful studies, and suggests possible future directions available with emerging technologies.

Biology Center Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

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Impact of photoperiod and functional clock on male diapause in cryptochrome and pdf mutants in the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Introduction and Optimization in the Non-model Insect Pyrrhocoris apterus