AIMS: The aim of the present paper was to provide an up-to-date view on epidemiology and risk factors of heart failure (HF) development after myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on literature review, several clinical risk factors and biochemical, genetic, and imaging biomarkers were identified to predict the risk of HF development after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Heart failure is still a frequent complication of myocardial infarction. Timely identification of subjects at risk for HF development using a multimodality approach, and early initiation of guideline-directed HF therapy in these patients, can decrease the HF burden.

3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention 1st Faculty of Medicine and Thomayer Hospital Charles University Videnska 800 Prague 4 140 59 Czech Republic

Department of Cardiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic

Department of Preventive Cardiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA

Faculty of Medicine Dentistry of the Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. Circ Res 2013; 113: 646–659. PubMed PMC

Niccoli G, Burzotta F, Galiuto L, Crea F. Myocardial no‐reflow in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 281–292. PubMed

Ali AS, Rybicki BA, Alam M, Wulbrecht N, Richer‐Cornish K, Khaja F, Sabbah HN, Goldstein S. Clinical predictors of heart failure in patients with first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 1133–1139. PubMed

Shah RV, Holmes D, Anderson M, Wang TY, Kontos MC, Wiviott SD, Scirica BM. Risk of heart failure complication during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in a contemporary population: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data ACTION Registry. Circ Heart Fail 2012; 5: 693–702. PubMed

Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, Cohen‐Solal A, Aumont MC, Lopez‐Sendon J, Budaj A, Goldberg RJ, Klein W, Anderson FA Jr. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation 2004; 109: 494–499. PubMed

Desta L, Jernberg T, Lofman I, Hofman‐Bang C, Hagerman I, Spaak J, Persson H. Incidence, temporal trends, and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. The SWEDEHEART Registry (Swedish Web‐System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies): a study of 199,851 patients admitted with index acute myocardial infarctions, 1996 to 2008. JACC Heart Fail 2015; 3: 234–242. PubMed

Salomaa V, Ketonen M, Koukkunen H, Immonen‐Räihä P, Jerkkola T, Kärjä‐Koskenkari P, Mähönen M, Niemelä M, Kuulasmaa K, Palomäki P, Mustonen J, Arstila M, Vuorenmaa T, Lehtonen A, Lehto S, Miettinen H, Torppa J, Tuomilehto J, Kesäniemi YA, Pyörälä K. Decline in out‐of‐hospital coronary heart disease deaths has contributed the main part to the overall decline in coronary heart disease mortality rates among persons 35 to 64 years of age in Finland. Circulation 2003; 108: 691–696. PubMed

Dudas K, Lappas G, Stewart S, Rosengren A. Trends in out‐of‐hospital deaths due to coronary heart disease in Sweden (1991 to 2006). Circulation 2011; 123: 46–52. PubMed

Flachskampf FA, Schmid M, Rost C, Achenbach S, DeMaria AN, Daniel WG. Cardiac imaging after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 272–283. PubMed

Hung J, Teng TH, Finn J, Knuiman M, Briffa T, Stewart S, Sanfilippo FM, Ridout S, Hobbs M. Trends from 1996 to 2007 in incidence and mortality outcomes of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: a population‐based study of 20,812 patients with first acute myocardial infarction in Western Australia. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2: e000172. PubMed PMC

Sulo G, Igland J, Vollset SE, Nygård O, Ebbing M, Sulo E, Egeland GM, Tell GS. Heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction; burden and timing of occurrence: a nation‐wide analysis including 86 771 patients from the cardiovascular disease in Norway (CVDNOR) project. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5: e002667. PubMed PMC

Gerber Y, Weston SA, Enriquez‐Sarano M, Berardi C, Chamberlain AM, Manemann SM, Jiang R, Dunlay SM, Roger VL. Mortality associated with heart failure after myocardial infarction: a contemporary community perspective. Circ Heart Fail 2016; 9: e002460. PubMed PMC

Ponikowski P, Anker SD, AlHabib KF, Cowie MR, Force TL, Hu S, Jaarsma T, Krum H, Rastogi V, Rohde LE, Samal UC, Shimokawa H, Budi Siswanto B, Sliwa K, Filippatos G. Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC heart fail 2014; 1: 4–25. PubMed

Schocken DD, Benjamin EJ, Fonarow GC, Krumholz HM, Levy D, Mensah GA, Narula J, Shor ES, Young JB, Hong Y, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention , American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology , American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing , American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research , Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group , Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group . Prevention of heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and High Blood Pressure Research; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2008; 117: 2544–2565. PubMed

Daugherty SL, Ho PM, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Bach RG, Krumholz HM, Peterson ED, Rumsfeld JS, Masoudi FA. Association of early follow‐up after acute myocardial infarction with higher rates of medication use. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 485–491. PubMed

Faridi KF, Peterson ED, McCoy LA, Thomas L, Enriquez J, Wang TY. Timing of first postdischarge follow‐up and medication adherence after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol 2016; 1: 147–155. PubMed

Tung YC, Chang GM, Chang HY, Yu TH. Relationship between early physician follow‐up and 30‐day readmission after acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. PLoS ONE 2017; 12: e0170061. PubMed PMC

Lewis EF, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, Hellkamp AS, McMurray JJ, Mathias J, Rouleau JL, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Kober L, White H, Dalby AJ, Francis GS, Zannad F, Califf RM, Pfeffer MA. Predictors of the first heart failure hospitalization in patients who are stable survivors of myocardial infarction complicated by pulmonary congestion and/or left ventricular dysfunction: a VALIANT study. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 748–756. PubMed

Gho JMIH, Postema PG, Conijn M, Bruinsma N, de Jong JSSG, Bezzina CR, Wilde AAM, Asselbergs FW. Heart failure following STEMI: a contemporary cohort study of incidence and prognostic factors. Open Heart 2017; 4: e000551. PubMed PMC

Wellings J, Kostis JB, Sargsyan D, Cabrera J, Kostis WJ. Risk factors and trends in incidence of heart failure following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122: 1–5. PubMed

Lewis EF, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Sacks FM, Arnold JM, Warnica JW, Flaker GC, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA, CARE Study . Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1446–1453. PubMed

O'Connor CM, Hathaway WR, Bates ER, Leimberger JD, Sigmon KN, Kereiakes DJ, George BS, Samaha JK, Abbottsmith CW, Candela RJ, Topol EJ, Califf RM. Clinical characteristics and long‐term outcome of patients in whom congestive heart failure develops after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: development of a predictive model. Am Heart J 1997; 133: 663–673. PubMed

Shih J‐Y, Chen Z‐C, Chang H‐Y, Liu Y‐W, Ho C‐H, Chang W‐T. Risks of age and sex on clinical outcomes post myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2019; 23: 100350. PubMed PMC

Kelly DJ, Gershlick T, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Fahy M, Dangas G, Mehran R, Stone GW. Incidence and predictors of heart failure following percutaneous coronary intervention in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction: the HORIZONS‐AMI trial. Am Heart J 2011; 162: 663–670. PubMed

Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kelsey SF, Olson M, Johnson BD, Mankad S, Sharaf BL, Rogers WJ, Wessel TR, Arant CB, Pohost GM, Lerman A, Quyyumi AA, Sopko G, WISE Investigators . Insights from the NHLBI‐Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender‐optimized diagnostic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: S4–S20. PubMed

Thuresson M, Jarlöv MB, Lindahl B, Svensson L, Zedigh C, Herlitz J. Symptoms and type of symptom onset in acute coronary syndrome in relation to ST elevation, sex, age, and a history of diabetes. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 234–242. PubMed

Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska‐Newton AM, Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, Pandey A, Porterfield D, Blankstein R, Rosamond WD, Bhatt DL, Caughey MC. Twenty year trends and sex differences in young adults hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2019; 139: 1047–1056. PubMed PMC

Chandra NC, Ziegelstein RC, Rogers WJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Gore JM, French WJ, Rubison M. Observations of the treatment of women in the United States with myocardial infarction: a report from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction‐I. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 981–988. PubMed

Sorajja P, Gersh BJ, Cox DA, McLaughlin MG, Zimetbaum P, Costantini C, Stuckey T, Tcheng JE, Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Grines CL, Stone GW. Impact of multivessel disease on reperfusion success and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1709–1716. PubMed

Gaudron P, Eilles C, Kugler I, Ertl G. Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential mechanisms and early predictors. Circulation 1993; 87: 755–763. PubMed

Santoro GM, Carrabba N, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Valenti R. Acute heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention☆ . Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 780–785. PubMed

Masci PG, Ganame J, Francone M, Desmet W, Lorenzoni V, Iacucci I, Barison A, Carbone I, Lombardi M, Agati L, Janssens S, Bogaert J. Relationship between location and size of myocardial infarction and their reciprocal influences on post‐infarction left ventricular remodelling. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1640–1648. PubMed

Chadda K, Goldstein S, Byington R, Curb JD. Effect of propranolol after acute myocardial infarction in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1986; 73: 503–510. PubMed

Myftiu S, Bara P, Sharka I, Shkoza A, Belshi X, Rruci E, Vyshka G. Heart failure predictors in a group of patients with myocardial infarction. Open access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4: 435–438. PubMed PMC

Carrick D, Haig C, Maznyczka AM, Carberry J, Mangion K, Ahmed N, Yue May VT, McEntegart M, Petrie MC, Eteiba H, Lindsay M, Hood S, Watkins S, Davie A, Mahrous A, Mordi I, Ford I, Radjenovic A, Welsh P, Sattar N, Wetherall K, Oldroyd KG, Berry C. Hypertension, microvascular pathology, and prognosis after an acute myocardial infarction. Hypertension 2018; 72: 720–730. PubMed PMC

Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Troughton RW, Lainchbury JG, Elliott J, Frampton C, Espiner EA, Crozier IG, Yandle TG, Turner J. Antecedent hypertension and heart failure after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1182–1188. PubMed

Schmitt J, Duray G, Gersh BJ, Hohnloser SH. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence, clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J 2008; 30: 1038–1045. PubMed

Melchior T, Rask‐Madsen C, Torp‐Pedersen C, Hildebrandt P, Kober L, Jensen G. The impact of heart failure on prognosis of diabetic and non‐diabetic patients with myocardial infarction: a 15‐year follow‐up study. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3: 83–90. PubMed

Velazquez EJ, Francis GS, Armstrong PW, Aylward PE, Diaz R, O'Connor CM, White HD, Henis M, Rittenhouse LM, Kilaru R, van Gilst W, Ertl G, Maggioni AP, Spac J, Weaver WD, Rouleau JL, McMurray J, Pfeffer MA, Califf RM, VALIANT registry . An international perspective on heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction complicating myocardial infarction: the VALIANT registry. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1911–1919. PubMed

Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI‐2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1389–1394. PubMed

Aguilar D, Solomon SD, Kober L, Rouleau JL, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Francis GS, Henis M, O'Connor CM, Diaz R, Belenkov YN. Newly diagnosed and previously known diabetes mellitus and 1‐year outcomes of acute myocardial infarction: the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion (VALIANT) trial. Circulation 2004; 110: 1572–1578. PubMed

Prasad A, Stone GW, Stuckey TD, Costantini CO, Zimetbaum PJ, McLaughlin M, Mehran R, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Cox DA, Grines CL, Lansky AJ, Gersh BJ. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 508–514. PubMed

Solomon SD, St John Sutton M, Lamas GA, Plappert T, Rouleau JL, Skali H, Moyé L, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA, Survival And Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Investigators . Ventricular remodeling does not accompany the development of heart failure in diabetic patients after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002; 106: 1251–1255. PubMed

Thune JJ, Solomon SD. Left ventricular diastolic function following myocardial infarction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2006; 3: 170–174. PubMed

Ertelt K, Brener SJ, Mehran R, Ben‐Yehuda O, McAndrew T, Stone GW. Comparison of outcomes and prognosis of patients with versus without newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (the HORIZONS‐AMI study). Am J Cardiol 2017; 119: 1917–1923. PubMed

Shroff GR, Frederick PD, Herzog CA. Renal failure and acute myocardial infarction: clinical characteristics in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, on dialysis, and without chronic kidney disease. A collaborative project of the United States Renal Data System/National Institutes of Health and the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Am Heart J 2012; 163: 399–406. PubMed PMC

Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, House A, Rabbat C, Fok M, McAlister F, Garg AX. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 2006; 17: 2034–2047. PubMed

Ezekowitz J, McAlister FA, Humphries KH, Norris CM, Tonelli M, Ghali WA, Knudtson ML, APPROACH Investigators . The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6,427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1587–1592. PubMed

Kloner RA, Shook T, Przyklenk K, Davis VG, Junio L, Matthews RV, Burstein S, Gibson M, Poole WK, Cannon CP. Previous angina alters in‐hospital outcome in TIMI 4: a clinical correlate to preconditioning? Circulation 1995; 91: 37–45. PubMed

Nakagawa Y, Ito H, Kitakaze M, Kusuoka H, Hori M, Kuzuya T, Higashino Y, Fujii K, Minamino T. Effect of angina pectoris on myocardial protection in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction: retrospective clinical evidence of “preconditioning”. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1076–1083. PubMed

Solomon SD, Anavekar NS, Greaves S, Rouleau JL, Hennekens C, Pfeffer MA. Angina pectoris prior to myocardial infarction protects against subsequent left ventricular remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1511–1514. PubMed

Bøtker HE, Kharbanda R, Schmidt MR, Bøttcher M, Kaltoft AK, Terkelsen CJ, Munk K, Andersen NH, Hansen TM, Trautner S, Lassen JF, Christiansen EH, Krusell LR, Kristensen SD, Thuesen L, Nielsen SS, Rehling M, Sørensen HT, Redington AN, Nielsen TT. Remote ischaemic conditioning before hospital admission, as a complement to angioplasty, and effect on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 727–734. PubMed

Rentoukas I, Giannopoulos G, Kaoukis A, Kossyvakis C, Raisakis K, Driva M, Panagopoulou V, Tsarouchas K, Vavetsi S, Pyrgakis V, Deftereos S. Cardioprotective role of remote ischemic periconditioning in primary percutaneous coronary intervention: enhancement by opioid action. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3: 49–55. PubMed

Hausenloy DJ, Kharbanda RK, Møller UK, Ramlall M, Aarøe J, Butler R, Bulluck H, Clayton T, Dana A, Dodd M, Engstrom T, Evans R, Lassen JF, Christensen EF, Garcia‐Ruiz JM, Gorog DA, Hjort J, Houghton RF, Ibanez B, Knight R, Lippert FK, Lønborg JT, Maeng M, Milasinovic D, More R, Nicholas JM, Jensen LO, Perkins A, Radovanovic N, Rakhit RD, Ravkilde J, Ryding AD, Schmidt MR, Riddervold IS, Sørensen HT, Stankovic G, Varma M, Webb I, Terkelsen CJ, Greenwood JP, Yellon DM, Bøtker HE, Junker A, Kaltoft A, Madsen M, Christiansen EH, Jakobsen L, Carstensen S, Kristensen SD, Thim T, Pedersen KM, Korsgaard MT, Iversen A, Jørgensen E, Joshi F, Pedersen F, Tilsted HH, Alzuhairi K, Saunamäki K, Holmvang L, Ahlehof O, Sørensen R, Helqvist S, Mark BL, Villadsen AB, Raungaard B, Thuesen L, Christiansen MK, Freeman P, Jensen SE, Skov CS, Aziz A, Hansen HS, Ellert J, Veien K, Pedersen KE, Hansen KN, Ahlehoff O, Cappelen H, Wittrock D, Hansen PA, Ankersen JP, Hedegaard KW, Kempel J, Kaus H, Erntgaard D, Pedersen DM, Giebner M, Hansen TMH, Radosavljevic‐Radovanovic M, Prodanovic M, Savic L, Pejic M, Matic D, Uscumlic A, Subotic I, Lasica R, Vukcevic V, Suárez A, Samaniego B, Morís C, Segovia E, Hernández E, Lozano I, Pascual I, Vegas‐Valle JM, Rozado J, Rondán J, Avanzas P, del Valle R, Padrón R, García‐Castro A, Arango A, Medina‐Cameán AB, Fente AI, Muriel‐Velasco A, Pomar‐Amillo Á, Roza CL, Martínez‐Fernández CM, Buelga‐Díaz C, Fernández‐Gonzalo D, Fernández E, Díaz‐González E, Martinez‐González E, Iglesias‐Llaca F, Viribay FM, Fernández‐Mallo FJ, Hermosa FJ, Martínez‐Bastida G, Goitia‐Martín J, Vega‐Fernández JL, Tresguerres JM, Rodil‐Díaz JA, Villar‐Fernández L, Alberdi L, Abella‐Ovalle L, de la Roz M, Fernández‐Carral MFC, Naves MC, Peláez MC, Fuentes MD, García‐Alonso M, Villanueva MJ, Vinagrero MS, Vázquez‐Suárez M, Martínez‐Valle M, Nonide M, Pozo‐López M, Bernardo‐Alba P, Galván‐Núñez P, Martínez‐Pérez PJ, Castro R, Suárez‐Coto R, Suárez‐Noriega R, Guinea R, Quintana RB, de Cima S, Hedrera SA, Laca SI, Llorente‐Álvarez S, Pascual S, Cimas T, Mathur A, McFarlane‐Henry E, Leonard G, Veerapen J, Westwood M, Colicchia M, Prossora M, Andiapen M, Mohiddin S, Lenzi V, Chong J, Francis R, Pine A, Jamieson‐Leadbitter C, Neal D, Din J, McLeod J, Roberts J, Polokova K, Longman K, Penney L, Lakeman N, Wells N, Hopper O, Coward P, O'Kane P, Harkins R, Guyatt S, Kennard S, Orr S, Horler S, Morris S, Walvin T, Snow T, Cunnington M, Burd A, Gowing A, Krishnamurthy A, Harland C, Norfolk D, Johnstone D, Newman H, Reed H, O'Neill J, Greenwood J, Cuxton J, Corrigan J, Somers K, Anderson M, Burtonwood N, Bijsterveld P, Brogan R, Ryan T, Kodoth V, Khan A, Sebastian D, Gorog D, Boyle G, Shepherd L, Hamid M, Farag M, Spinthakis N, Waitrak P, de Sousa P, Bhatti R, Oliver V, Walshe S, Odedra T, Gue Y, Kanji R, Ryding A, Ratcliffe A, Merrick A, Horwood C, Sarti C, Maart C, Moore D, Dockerty F, Baucutt K, Pitcher L, Ilsley M, Clarke M, Germon R, Gomes S, Clare T, Nair S, Staines J, Nicholson S, Watkinson O, Gallagher I, Nelthorpe F, Musselwhite J, Grosser K, Stimson L, Eaton M, Heppell R, Turney S, Horner V, Schumacher N, Moon A, Mota P, O'Donnell J, Panicker AS, Musa A, Tapp L, Krishnamoorthy S, Ansell V, Ali D, Hyndman S, Banerjee P, Been M, Mackenzie A, McGregor A, Hildick‐Smith D, Champney F, Ingoldby F, Keate K, Bennett L, Skipper N, Gregory S, Harfield S, Mudd A, Wragg C, Barmby D, Grech E, Hall I, Middle J, Barker J, Fofie J, Gunn J, Housley K, Cockayne L, Weatherlley L, Theodorou N, Wheeldon N, Fati P, Storey RF, Richardson J, Iqbal J, Adam Z, Brett S, Agyemang M, Tawiah C, Hogrefe K, Raju P, Braybrook C, Gracey J, Waldron M, Holloway R, Burunsuzoglu S, Sidgwick S, Hetherington S, Beirnes C, Fernandez O, Lazar N, Knighton A, Rai A, Hoare A, Webb I, Breeze J, Martin K, Andrews M, Patale S, Bennett A, Smallwood A, Radford E, Cotton J, Martins J, Wallace L, Milgate S, Munir S, Metherell S, Cottam V, Massey I, Copestick J, Delaney J, Wain J, Sandhu K, Emery L, Butler R, Hall C, Bucciarelli‐Ducci C, Besana R, Hussein J, Bell S, Gill A, Bales E, Polwarth G, East C, Smith I, Oliveira J, Victor S, Woods S, Hoole S, Ramos A, Sevillano A, Nicholson A, Solieri A, Redman E, Byrne J, Joyce J, Riches J, Davies J, Allen K, Saclot L, Ocampo M, Vertue M, Christmas N, Koothoor R, Gamma R, Alvares W, Pepper S, Kobson B, Reeve C, Malik I, Chester E, Saunders H, Mojela I, Smee J, Davies J, Davies N, Clifford P, Dias P, Kaur R, Moreira S, Ahmad Y, Tomlinson L, Pengelley C, Bidle A, Spence S, al‐Lamee R, Phuyal U, Abbass H, Bose T, Elliott R, Foundun A, Chung A, Freestone B, Lee DK, Elshiekh DM, Pulikal G, Bhatre G, Douglas J, Kaeng L, Pitt M, Watkins R, Gill S, Hartley A, Lucking A, Moreby B, Darby D, Corps E, Parsons G, de Mance G, Fahrai G, Turner J, Langrish J, Gaughran L, Wolyrum M, Azkhalil M, Bates R, Given R, Kharbanda R, Douthwaite R, Lloyd S, Neubauer S, Barker D, Dana A, Suttling A, Turner C, Smith C, Longbottom C, Ross D, Cunliffe D, Cox E, Whitehead H, Hudson K, Jones L, Drew M, Chant N, Haworth P, Capel R, Austin R, Howe S, Smith T, Hobson A, Strike P, Griffiths H, Anantharam B, Jack P, Thornton E, Hodgson A, Jennison A, McSkeane A, Smith B, Shaw C, Leathers C, Armstrong E, Carruthers G, Simpson H, Smith J, Hodierne J, Kelly J, Barclay J, Scott K, Gregson L, Buchanan L, McCormick L, Varma M, Kelsall N, Mcarthy R, Taylor R, Thompson R, Shelton R, Moore R, Tomlinson S, Thambi S, Cooper T, Oakes T, Deen Z, Relph C, prentice S, Hall L, Dillon A, Meadows D, Frank E, Markham‐Jones H, Thomas I, Gale J, Denman J, Gale J, O'Connor J, Hindle J, Jackson‐Lawrence K, Warner K, Lee K, Upton R, Elston R, Lee S, Venugopal V, Finch A, Fleming C, Whiteside C, Pemberton C, Wilkinson C, Sebastian D, Riedel E, Giuffrida G, Burnett G, Spickett H, Glen J, Brown J, Thornborough L, Pedley L, Morgan M, Waddington N, Brennan O, More R, Brady R, Preston S, Loder C, Vlad I, Laurence J, Smit A, Dimond K, Hayes M, Paddy L, Crause J, Amed N, Kaur‐Babooa P, Rakhit R, Kotecha T, Fayed H, Francis R, Pavlidis A, Prendergast B, Clapp B, Perara D, Atkinson E, Ellis H, Wilson K, Gibson K, Smith M, Khawaja MZ, Sanchez‐Vidal R, Redwood S, Jones S, Tipping A, Oommen A, Hendry C, Fath‐Orboubadi DRF, Phillips H, Kolakaluri L, Sherwood M, Mackie S, Aleti S, Charles T, Roy L, Henderson R, Stables R, Redwood S, Marber M, Berry A, Redington A, Thygesen K, Andersen HR, Berry C, Copas A, Meade T, Kelbæk H, Bueno H, von Weitzel‐Mudersbach P, Andersen G, Ludman A, Cruden N, Topic D, Mehmedbegovic Z, de la Hera Galarza JM, Robertson S, van Dyck L, Chu R, Astarci J, Jamal Z, Hetherington D, Collier L. Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI‐2/ERIC‐PPCI): a single‐blind randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2019; 394: 1415–1424. PubMed PMC

Ranard LS, Fried JA, Abdalla M, Anstey DE, Givens RC, Kumaraiah D, Kodali SK, Takeda K, Karmpaliotis D, Rabbani LE, Sayer G, Kirtane AJ, Leon MB, Schwartz A, Uriel N, Masoumi A. Approach to acute cardiovascular complications in COVID‐19 infection. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13: e007220. PubMed PMC

De Rosa S, Spaccarotella C, Basso C, Calabrò MP, Curcio A, Filardi PP, Mancone M, Mercuro G, Muscoli S, Nodari S, Pedrinelli R. Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID‐19 era. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 2083–2088. PubMed PMC

Wu J, Mamas M, Rashid M, Weston C, Hains J, Luescher T, de Belder MA, Deanfield JE, Gale CP. Patient response, treatments, and mortality for acute myocardial infarction during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Eur Heart J‐Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2020. 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa062 PubMed DOI PMC

Solomon MD, McNulty EJ, Rana JS, Leong TK, Lee C, Sung S‐H, Ambrosy AP, Sidney S, Go AS. The Covid‐19 pandemic and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 691–693. PubMed

Lala A, Johnson KW, Januzzi JL, Russak AJ, Paranjpe I, Richter F, Zhao S, Somani S, van Vleck T, Vaid A, Chaudhry F, de Freitas JK, Fayad ZA, Pinney SP, Levin M, Charney A, Bagiella E, Narula J, Glicksberg BS, Nadkarni G, Mancini DM, Fuster V, Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center . Prevalence and impact of myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 infection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76: 533–546. PubMed PMC

Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, Shchendrygina A, Escher F, Vasa‐Nicotera M, Zeiher AM, Vehreschild M. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). JAMA Cardiol 2020: e203557 PubMed PMC

Nguyen TL, Phan JA, Hee L, Moses DA, Otton J, Terreblanche OD, Xiong J, Premawardhana U, Rajaratnam R, Juergens CP, Dimitri HR, French JK, Richards DA, Thomas L. High‐sensitivity troponin T predicts infarct scar characteristics and adverse left ventricular function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging early after reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2015; 170: 715–25.e2. PubMed

Tzivoni D, Koukoui D, Guetta V, Novack L, Cowing G. Comparison of Troponin T to creatine kinase and to radionuclide cardiac imaging infarct size in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101: 753–757. PubMed

Gerber Y, Jaffe AS, Weston SA, Jiang R, Roger VL. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T after myocardial infarction: a contemporary community experience. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 247–254. PubMed PMC

Hassan AK, Bergheanu SC, Hasan‐Ali H, Liem SS, van der Laarse A, Wolterbeek R, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, Jukema JW. Usefulness of peak troponin‐T to predict infarct size and long‐term outcome in patients with first acute myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 779–784. PubMed

Stelzle D, Shah ASV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Chapman AR, Denvir MA, Mills NL, McAllister D. High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I and risk of heart failure in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a cohort study. Eur Heart J‐Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2018; 4: 36–42. PubMed PMC

Xu M, Yan L, Xu J, Yang X, Jiang T. Predictors and prognosis for incident in‐hospital heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction after first acute myocardial infarction: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: e11093. PubMed PMC

Niu JM, Ma ZL, Xie C, Zhang ZQ. Association of plasma B‐type natriuretic peptide concentration with myocardial infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Gen Mol Res: GMR 2014; 13: 6177–6183. PubMed

Mayr A, Mair J, Schocke M, Klug G, Pedarnig K, Haubner BJ, Nowosielski M, Grubinger T, Pachinger O, Metzler B. Predictive value of NT‐pro BNP after acute myocardial infarction: relation with acute and chronic infarct size and myocardial function. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147: 118–123. PubMed

Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Elliott J, Frampton C, Turner J, Crozier IG, Yandle TG. B‐type natriuretic peptides and ejection fraction for prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 107: 2786–2792. PubMed

Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Jougasaki M, Matsumura T, Mukoyama M, Nakao K. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 82–91. PubMed

Carvalho LSF, Bogniotti LAC, de Almeida OLR, e Silva JC, Nadruz W, Coelho OR, Sposito AC. Change of BNP between admission and discharge after ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (Killip I) improves risk prediction of heart failure, death, and recurrent myocardial infarction compared to single isolated measurement in addition to the GRACE score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2019; 8: 643–651. PubMed

Mok Y, Sang Y, Ballew SH, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Rosamond W, Coresh J, Selvin E, Matsushita K. Premorbid levels of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T and natriuretic peptide and prognosis after incident myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2019; 216: 62–73. PubMed PMC

Frangogiannis NG. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res 2012; 110: 159–173. PubMed PMC

Al Aseri ZA, Habib SS, Marzouk A. Predictive value of high sensitivity C‐reactive protein on progression to heart failure occurring after the first myocardial infarction. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2019; 15: 221–227. PubMed PMC

Xu M, Yan L, Xu J, Yang X, Jiang T. Predictors and prognosis for incident in‐hospital heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction after first acute myocardial infarction: an observational study. Medicine 2018; 97: e11093. PubMed PMC

Stumpf C, Sheriff A, Zimmermann S, Schaefauer L, Schlundt C, Raaz D, Garlichs CD, Achenbach S. C‐reactive protein levels predict systolic heart failure and outcome in patients with first ST‐elevation myocardial infarction treated with coronary angioplasty. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13: 1086–1093. PubMed PMC

Scirica BM, Cannon CP, Sabatine MS, Jarolim P, Sloane S, Rifai N, Braunwald E, Morrow DA, PROVE IT‐TIMI 22 Investigators . Concentrations of C‐reactive protein and B‐type natriuretic peptide 30 days after acute coronary syndromes independently predict hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death. Clin Chem 2009; 55: 265–273. PubMed

Zhang S, Diao J, Qi C, Jin J, Li L, Gao X, Gong L, Wu W. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta‐analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18: 75. PubMed PMC

Fanola CL, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Jarolim P, Lukas MA, Bode C, Hochman JS, Goodrich EL, Braunwald E, O'Donoghue ML. Interleukin‐6 and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: observations from the SOLID‐TIMI 52 (Stabilization of Plaque Using Darapladib—Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 52) trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6: e005637. PubMed PMC

Xuan W, Huang W, Wang R, Chen C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Tan X. Elevated circulating IL‐32 presents a poor prognostic outcome in patients with heart failure after myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2017; 243: 367–373. PubMed

Fox CS, Muntner P, Chen AY, Alexander KP, Roe MT, Cannon CP, Saucedo JF, Kontos MC, Wiviott SD, Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry . Use of evidence‐based therapies in short‐term outcomes of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction and non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Circulation 2010; 121: 357–365. PubMed PMC

Correa S, Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Davies RY, Goodrich EL, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, O'Donoghue ML. Cystatin C for risk stratification in patients after an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e009077. PubMed PMC

Ibrahim NE, Januzzi JL Jr. Established and emerging roles of biomarkers in heart failure. Circ Res 2018; 123: 614–629. PubMed

Ueland T, Gullestad L, Nymo SH, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Askevold ET. Inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers in heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 443: 71–77. PubMed

Jenkins WS, Roger VL, Jaffe AS, Weston SA, AbouEzzeddine OF, Jiang R, Manemann SM, Enriquez‐Sarano M. Prognostic value of soluble ST2 after myocardial infarction: a community perspective. Am J Med 2017; 130: 1112.e9–e15. PubMed PMC

van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL Jr, Ellinor PT, Sharma UC, Bakker JA, Low AF, Martinez A, Crijns HJ, MacRae CA, Menheere PP, Pinto YM. Utility of amino‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide, galectin‐3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 1217–1224. PubMed

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2017; 136: e137–e161. PubMed

Asleh R, Enriquez‐Sarano M, Jaffe AS, Manemann SM, Weston SA, Jiang R, Roger VL. Galectin‐3 levels and outcomes after myocardial infarction: a population‐based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73: 2286–2295. PubMed PMC

Fertin M, Lemesle G, Turkieh A, Beseme O, Chwastyniak M, Amouyel P, Bauters C, Pinet F. Serum MMP‐8: a novel indicator of left ventricular remodeling and cardiac outcome in patients after acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e71280. PubMed PMC

Squire IB, Evans J, Ng LL, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Plasma MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 following acute myocardial infarction in man: correlation with echocardiographic and neurohumoral parameters of left ventricular dysfunction. J Card Fail 2004; 10: 328–333. PubMed

Wagner DR, Delagardelle C, Ernens I, Rouy D, Vaillant M, Beissel J. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 is a marker of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. J Card Fail 2006; 12: 66–72. PubMed

Turkieh A, Fertin M, Bouvet M, Mulder P, Drobecq H, Lemesle G, Lamblin N, de Groote P, Porouchani S, Chwastyniak M, Beseme O, Amouyel P, Mouquet F, Balligand JL, Richard V, Bauters C, Pinet F. Expression and implication of clusterin in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Circ Heart Fail 2018; 11: e004838. PubMed

Reinstadler SJ, Feistritzer H‐J, Reindl M, Klug G, Mayr A, Mair J, Jaschke W, Metzler B. Combined biomarker testing for the prediction of left ventricular remodelling in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Open Heart 2016; 3: e000485. PubMed PMC

Niu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Hou Y, Pu S, Chu A, Bai M. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis identifies critical genes in the development of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. Front Genet 2019; 10: 1214. PubMed PMC

Sun T, Dong Y‐H, Du W, Shi C‐Y, Wang K, Tariq M‐A, Wang JX, Li PF. The role of microRNAs in myocardial infarction: from molecular mechanism to clinical application. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 745. PubMed PMC

Shah RV, Rong J, Larson MG, Yeri A, Ziegler O, Tanriverdi K, Murthy V, Liu X, Xiao C, Pico AR, Huan T, Levy D, Lewis GD, Rosenzweig A, Vasan RS, Das S, Freedman JE. Associations of circulating extracellular RNAs with myocardial remodeling and heart failure. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3: 871–876. PubMed PMC

Lakhani HV, Khanal T, Gabi A, Yousef G, Alam MB, Sharma D, Aljoudi H, Puri N, Thompson E, Shapiro JI, Sodhi K. Developing a panel of biomarkers and miRNA in patients with myocardial infarction for early intervention strategies of heart failure in West Virginian population. PLoS ONE 2018; 13: e0205329. PubMed PMC

Prastaro M, Pirozzi E, Gaibazzi N, Paolillo S, Santoro C, Savarese G, Losi MA, Esposito G, Perrone Filardi P, Trimarco B, Galderisi M. Expert review on the prognostic role of echocardiography after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30: 431–43.e2. PubMed

Møller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, Reeder GS, Gersh BJ, Pellikka PA. Wall motion score index and ejection fraction for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 419–425. PubMed

Carluccio E, Tommasi S, Bentivoglio M, Buccolieri M, Prosciutti L, Corea L. Usefulness of the severity and extent of wall motion abnormalities as prognostic markers of an adverse outcome after a first myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 411–415. PubMed

Jurado‐Román A, Agudo‐Quílez P, Rubio‐Alonso B, Molina J, Díaz B, García‐Tejada J, Martín R, Tello R. Superiority of wall motion score index over left ventricle ejection fraction in predicting cardiovascular events after an acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2019; 8: 78–85. PubMed

Hayrapetyan HG, Adamyan KG. Prognostic usefulness of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2013; 34.

Zornoff LA, Skali H, Pfeffer MA, St John Sutton M, Rouleau JL, Lamas GA, Plappert T, Rouleau JR, Moyé LA, Lewis SJ, Braunwald E, Solomon SD, SAVE Investigators . Right ventricular dysfunction and risk of heart failure and mortality after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1450–1455. PubMed

Anavekar NS, Skali H, Bourgoun M, Ghali JK, Kober L, Maggioni AP, McMurray JJ, Velazquez E, Califf R, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Usefulness of right ventricular fractional area change to predict death, heart failure, and stroke following myocardial infarction (from the VALIANT ECHO Study). Am J Cardiol 2008; 101: 607–612. PubMed

Møller JE, Whalley GA, Dini FL, Doughty RN, Gamble GD, Klein AL, Quintana M, Yu CM. Independent prognostic importance of a restrictive left ventricular filling pattern after myocardial infarction: an individual patient meta‐analysis: Meta‐Analysis Research Group in Echocardiography acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008; 117: 2591–2598. PubMed

Hillis GS, Møller JE, Pellikka PA, Gersh BJ, Wright RS, Ommen SR, Reeder GS, Oh JK. Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by E/e′ is a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 360–367. PubMed

van der Bijl P, Abou R, Goedemans L, Gersh BJ, Holmes DR Jr, Ajmone Marsan N, Delgado V, Bax JJ. Left ventricular post‐infarct remodeling: implications for systolic function improvement and outcomes in the modern era. JACC Heart Fail 2020; 8: 131–140. PubMed

Ersbøll M, Valeur N, Mogensen UM, Andersen MJ, Møller JE, Velazquez EJ, Hassager C, Søgaard P, Køber L. Prediction of all‐cause mortality and heart failure admissions from global left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 2365–2373. PubMed

Xu L, Huang X, Ma J, Huang J, Fan Y, Li H, Qiu J, Zhang H, Huang W. Value of three‐dimensional strain parameters for predicting left ventricular remodeling after ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33: 663–673. PubMed

Cai W, Dong Y, Tian L, Cao CX, Niu XL, Liu XL, Liu JX, Ji WJ, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Li YM. Predictive value of four‐dimensional strain echocardiography for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiology 2018; 139: 255–264. PubMed

Shin SH, Suh YJ, Baek YS, Lee MJ, Park SD, Kwon SW, Woo SI, Kim DH, Park KS, Kwan J. Impact of area strain by 3D speckle tracking on clinical outcome in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography 2016; 33: 1854–1859. PubMed

Ndrepepa G, Tiroch K, Fusaro M, Keta D, Seyfarth M, Byrne RA, Pache J, Alger P, Mehilli J, Schömig A, Kastrati A. 5‐year prognostic value of no‐reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2383–2389. PubMed

Aggarwal S, Xie F, High R, Pavlides G, Porter TR. Prevalence and predictive value of microvascular flow abnormalities after successful contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018; 31: 674–682. PubMed

Carlos ME, Smart SC, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 95: 1402–1410. PubMed

Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H, Patel MR, Udelson JE, Ohman EM, Maehara A, Eitel I, Granger CB, Jenkins PL, Nichols M, Ben‐Yehuda O. Relationship between infarct size and outcomes following primary PCI: patient‐level analysis from 10 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 1674–1683. PubMed

Feistritzer HJ, Nanos M, Eitel I, Jobs A, de Waha‐Thiele S, Meyer‐Saraei R, Freund A, Stiermaier T, Abdel‐Wahab M, Lurz P, Reinstadler SJ, Reindl M, Klug G, Metzler B, Desch S, Thiele H. Determinants and prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging‐derived infarct characteristics in non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 21: 67–76. PubMed

de Waha S, Patel MR, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Maehara A, Eitel I, Ben‐Yehuda O, Jenkins P, Thiele H, Stone GW. Relationship between microvascular obstruction and adverse events following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction: an individual patient data pooled analysis from seven randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 3502–3510. PubMed

Kali A, Cokic I, Tang R, Dohnalkova A, Kovarik L, Yang HJ, Kumar A, Prato FS, Wood JC, Underhill D, Marbán E. Persistent microvascular obstruction after myocardial infarction culminates in the confluence of ferric iron oxide crystals, proinflammatory burden, and adverse remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9: e004996. PubMed PMC

Kali A, Kumar A, Cokic I, Tang RL, Tsaftaris SA, Friedrich MG, Dharmakumar R. Chronic manifestation of postreperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage as regional iron deposition: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study with ex vivo validation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6: 218–228. PubMed

Carrick D, Haig C, Ahmed N, McEntegart M, Petrie MC, Eteiba H, Hood S, Watkins S, Lindsay MM, Davie A, Mahrous A, Mordi I, Rauhalammi S, Sattar N, Welsh P, Radjenovic A, Ford I, Oldroyd KG, Berry C. Myocardial hemorrhage after acute reperfused ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction: relation to microvascular obstruction and prognostic significance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9: e004148. PubMed PMC

Reinstadler SJ, Stiermaier T, Reindl M, Feistritzer HJ, Fuernau G, Eitel C, Desch S, Klug G, Thiele H, Metzler B, Eitel I. Intramyocardial haemorrhage and prognosis after ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 20: 138–146. PubMed

Ekström K, Nepper‐Christensen L, Ahtarovski KA, Kyhl K, Göransson C, Bertelsen L, Ghotbi AA, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, Høfsten DE, Køber L, Schoos MM, Vejlstrup N, Lønborg J, Engstrøm T. Impact of multiple myocardial scars detected by CMR in patients following STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2019; 12: 2168–2178. PubMed

Curley D, Lavin Plaza B, Shah AM, Botnar RM. Molecular imaging of cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113: 10. PubMed PMC

Boehmer JP, Hariharan R, Devecchi FG, Smith AL, Molon G, Capucci A, An Q, Averina V, Stolen CM, Thakur PH, Thompson JA, Wariar R, Zhang Y, Singh JP. A multisensor algorithm predicts heart failure events in patients with implanted devices: results from the MultiSENSE study. JACC Heart Fail 2017; 5: 216–225. PubMed

Stehlik J, Schmalfuss C, Bozkurt B, Nativi‐Nicolau J, Wohlfahrt P, Wegerich S, Rose K, Ray R, Schofield R, Deswal A, Sekaric J, Anand S, Richards D, Hanson H, Pipke M, Pham M. Continuous wearable monitoring analytics predict heart failure hospitalization: the LINK‐HF multicenter study. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13: e006513. PubMed

Veldhuisen DJV, Braunschweig F, Conraads V, Ford I, Cowie MR, Jondeau G, Kautzner J, Munoz Aguilera R, Lunati M, Yu CM, Gerritse B. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring, audible patient alerts, and outcome in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2011; 124: 1719–1726. PubMed

Morgan JM, Kitt S, Gill J, McComb JM, Ng GA, Raftery J, Roderick P, Seed A, Williams SG, Witte KK, Wright DJ, Harris S, Cowie MR. Remote management of heart failure using implantable electronic devices. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 2352–2360. PubMed PMC

Boriani G, Da Costa A, Quesada A, Ricci RP, Favale S, Boscolo G, Clementy N, Amori V, di Mangoni S, Stefano L, Burri H. Effects of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes and use of healthcare resources in heart failure patients with biventricular defibrillators: results of the MORE‐CARE multicentre randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19: 416–425. PubMed

Hindricks G, Taborsky M, Glikson M, Heinrich U, Schumacher B, Katz A, Brachmann J, Lewalter T, Goette A, Block M, Kautzner J, Sack S, Husser D, Piorkowski C, Søgaard P, IN‐TIME study group* . Implant‐based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN‐TIME): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 583–590. PubMed

Hindricks G, Varma N, Kacet S, Lewalter T, Søgaard P, Guédon‐Moreau L, Proff J, Gerds TA, Anker SD, Torp‐Pedersen C. Daily remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators: insights from the pooled patient‐level data from three randomized controlled trials (IN‐TIME, ECOST, TRUST). Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 1749–1755. PubMed PMC

Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, Strickland W, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Krueger S, Weiner S, Shavelle D, Jeffries B, Yadav JS, CHAMPION Trial Study Group . Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 658–666. PubMed

DeLeon‐Pennell KY, Meschiari CA, Jung M, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinases in myocardial infarction and heart failure. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2017; 147: 75–100. PubMed PMC

Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. β Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999; 318: 1730–1737. PubMed PMC

Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left‐ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385–1390. PubMed

Vantrimpont P, Rouleau JL, Wun CC, Ciampi A, Klein M, Sussex B, Arnold JM, Moyé L, Pfeffer M. Additive beneficial effects of beta‐blockers to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 229–236. PubMed

Spargias KS, Hall AS, Greenwood DC, Ball SG. β Blocker treatment and other prognostic variables in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: evidence from the AIRE study. Heart 1999; 81: 25–32. PubMed PMC

ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group . Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. Circulation 1998; 97: 2202–2212. PubMed

Køber L, Torp‐Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC, Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group . A clinical trial of the angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1670–1676. PubMed

AIREAS Investigators . Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993; 342: 821–828. PubMed

Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, The SAVE Investigators . Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction—results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669–677. PubMed

Flather MD, Yusuf S, Køber L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G, Torp‐Pedersen C, Ball S, Pogue J, Moyé L, Braunwald E. Long‐term ACE‐inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left‐ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet 2000; 355: 1575–1581. PubMed

Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee, for the OPTIMAAL Study Group . Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high‐risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 752–760. PubMed

Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M, Eplerenone Post‐Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators . Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309–1321. PubMed

Adamopoulos C, Ahmed A, Fay R, Angioi M, Filippatos G, Vincent J, Pitt B, Zannad F, EPHESUS Investigators . Timing of eplerenone initiation and outcomes in patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from the EPHESUS trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 1099–1105. PubMed PMC

Chen H, Ikeda U, Shimpo M, Shimada K. Direct effects of statins on cells primarily involved in atherosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2000; 23: 187–192. PubMed

Strandberg TE, Holme I, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Lindahl C, Larsen ML, Olsson AG, Pedersen TR, Tikkanen MJ, IDEAL Study Group . Comparative effect of atorvastatin (80 mg) versus simvastatin (20 to 40 mg) in preventing hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 1381–1385. PubMed

Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Ray KK, Sabatine MS, Jarolim P, Shui A, McCabe C, Braunwald E, PROVE IT‐TIMI 22 Investigators . Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT‐TIMI 22 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 2326–2331. PubMed

Wright RS, Bybee K, Miller WL, Laudon DA, Murphy JG, Jaffe AS. Reduced risks of death and CHF are associated with statin therapy administered acutely within the first 24 h of AMI. Int J Cardiol 2006; 108: 314–319. PubMed

Desta L, Jernberg T, Spaak J, Hofman‐Bang C, Persson H. Risk and predictors of readmission for heart failure following a myocardial infarction between 2004 and 2013: a Swedish nationwide observational study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 248: 221–226. PubMed

Gerber Y, Weston SA, Berardi C, McNallan SM, Jiang R, Redfield MM, Roger VL. Contemporary trends in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction: a community study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 1272–1280. PubMed PMC

Gjesing A, Gislason GH, Køber L, Gustav Smith J, Christensen SB, Gustafsson F, Olsen AM, Torp‐Pedersen C, Andersson C. Nationwide trends in development of heart failure and mortality after first‐time myocardial infarction 1997–2010: a Danish cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25: 731–738. PubMed

Remote Heart Failure Symptoms Assessment After Myocardial Infarction Identifies Patients at Risk for Death

Attenuation of Hypocretin/Orexin Signaling Is Associated With Increased Mortality After Myocardial Infarction

In Comparison to Pathological Q Waves, Selvester Score is a Superior Diagnostic Indicator of Increased Long-Term Mortality Risk in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Coronary Intervention