Women undergo important changes in sex hormones throughout their lifetime that can impact cardiovascular disease risk. Whereas the traditional cardiovascular risk factors dominate in older age, there are several female-specific risk factors and inflammatory risk variables that influence a woman's risk at younger and middle age. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and gestational diabetes are associated with a higher risk in younger women. Menopause transition has an additional adverse effect to ageing that may demand specific attention to ensure optimal cardiovascular risk profile and quality of life. In this position paper, we provide an update of gynaecological and obstetric conditions that interact with cardiovascular risk in women. Practice points for clinical use are given according to the latest standards from various related disciplines (Figure 1).

Bureau Gender PRO Vienna and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University Hospital St Poelten Lilienfeld Probst Führer Straße 4 · 3100 St Pölten Austria

Center for Cardiovascular Prevention Charles University Prague 1st Faculty of Medicine and Thomayer Hospital Vídeňská 800 140 59 Prague 4 Czech Republic

Department Gynaecology Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 69 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK

Department Gynaecology King's College Hospital Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK

Department of Cardiology Director Women's Cardiac Health Program Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 Route 616 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands

Department of Cardiology National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London Royal Brompton Hospital Sydney Street London SW3 6NP UK

Department of Gynaecology Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals Imperial College Du Cane Road London W12 0HS UK

Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine 1st Medical Faculty Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague U Nemocnice 2 128 08 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Department of Medical Sciences Centre for Clinical and Basic Research IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana via della Pisana 235 Rome Italy

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology OLVG location West Jan Tooropstraat 164 1061 AE Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Gynaecology Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands

Interventional Cardiology Unit IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Olgettina Street 60 20132 Milan Italy

Menopause Clinic 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Aretaieio Hospital 30 Panepistimiou Str 10679 Athens Greece

St George's Hospitals NHS Trust University of London Cranmer Terrace London SW17 0RE UK

Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University and Cardiothoracic Centre Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust M4 146 4th Floor William Leech Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK

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Eur Heart J. 2022 Jul 1;43(25):2372. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac123. PubMed

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