Many aquatic invertebrates are associated with surfaces, using adhesives to attach to the substratum for locomotion, prey capture, reproduction, building or defence. Their intriguing and sophisticated biological glues have been the focus of study for decades. In all but a couple of specific taxa, however, the precise mechanisms by which the bioadhesives stick to surfaces underwater and (in many cases) harden have proved to be elusive. Since the bulk components are known to be based on proteins in most organisms, the opportunities provided by advancing 'omics technologies have revolutionised bioadhesion research. Time-consuming isolation and analysis of single molecules has been either replaced or augmented by the generation of massive data sets that describe the organism's translated genes and proteins. While these new approaches have provided resources and opportunities that have enabled physiological insights and taxonomic comparisons that were not previously possible, they do not provide the complete picture and continued multi-disciplinarity is essential. This review covers the various ways in which 'omics have contributed to our understanding of adhesion by aquatic invertebrates, with new data to illustrate key points. The associated challenges are highlighted and priorities are suggested for future research.

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic

Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit Research Institute for Biosciences University of Mons Place du Parc 23 Mons 7000 Belgium

Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon 1749 016 Portugal

Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 Innsbruck 6020 Austria

Laboratory of Cell Biology Research Institute for Biosciences University of Mons Place du Parc 23 Mons 7000 Belgium

Ryan Institute School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway Room 226 Galway H91 TK33 Ireland

School of Life Sciences University of Essex Wivenhoe Park Colchester CO4 3SQ U K

School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU U K

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Abramova, A., Alm Rosenblad, M., Blomberg, A. & Larsson, T. A. (2019). Sensory receptor repertoire in cyprid antennules of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. PLoS One 14, e0216294.

Addison, J. B., Ashton, N. N., Weber, W. S., Stewart, R. J., Holland, G. P. & Yarger, J. L. (2013). Beta-sheet nanocrystalline domains formed from phosphorylated serine-rich motifs in caddisfly larval silk: a solid state NMR and XRD study. Biomacromolecules 14, 1140-1148.

Aldred, N. & Clare, A. S. (2014). Mini-review: impact and dynamics of surface fouling by solitary and compound ascidians. Biofouling 30, 259-270.

Almeida, M., Reis, R. L. & Silva, T. H. (2020). Marine invertebrates are a source of bioadhesives with biomimetic interest. Materials Science and Engineering C 108, 110467.

Arbore, R., Sekii, K., Beisel, C., Ladurner, P., Berezikov, E. & Scharer, L. (2015). Positional RNA-Seq identifies candidate genes for phenotypic engineering of sexual traits. Frontiers in Zoology 12, 14.

Ashton, N. N., Roe, D. R., Weiss, R. B., Cheatham, T. E. & Stewart, R. J. (2013). Self-tensioning aquatic caddisfly silk: Ca2+-dependent structure, strength, and load cycle hysteresis. Biomacromolecules 14, 3668-3681.

Ashton, N. N. & Stewart, R. J. (2015). Self-recovering caddisfly silk: energy dissipating, Ca2+-dependent, double dynamic network fibers. Soft Matter 11, 1667-1676.

Aubry, S., Kelly, S., Kümpers, B. M. C., Smith-Unna, R. D. & Hibberd, J. M. (2014). Deep evolutionary comparison of gene expression identifies parallel recruitment of trans-factors in two independent origins of C4 photosynthesis. PLoS Genetics 12, e1006087.

Barlow, D. E., Dickinson, G. H., Orihuela, B., Kulp, J. L. & Wahl, K. J. (2010). Characterization of the adhesive plaque of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite: amyloid-like nanofibrils are a major component. Langmuir 26, 6549-6556.

Baumgarten, S., Simakov, O., Esherick, L. Y., Liew, Y. J., Lehnert, E. M., Michell, C. T., Li, Y., Hambleton, E. A., Guse, A., Oates, M. E., Gough, J., Weis, V. M., Aranda, M., Pringle, J. R. & Voolstra, C. R. (2015). The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, 11893-11898.

Bechtold, U., Penfold, C. A., Jenkins, D. J., Legaie, R., Moore, J. D., Lawson, T., Matthews, J. S., Vialet-Chabrand, S. R., Baxter, L., Subramaniam, S. & Hickman, R. (2016). Time-series transcriptomics reveals that AGAMOUS-LIKE22 affects primary metabolism and developmental processes in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 28(2), 345-366.

Becker, P. T., Lambert, A., Lejeune, A., Lanterbecq, D. & Flammang, P. (2012). Identification, characterization, and expression levels of putative adhesive proteins from the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata. Biological Bulletin 223, 217-225.

Böhm, M., Bohne-Lang, A., Frank, M., Loss, A., Rojas-Macias, M. A. & Lütteke, T. (2019). Glycosciences.DB: an annotated data collection linking glycomics and proteomics data (2018 update). Nucleic Acids Research 47, 1195-1201.

Braun, M., Menges, M., Opoku, F. & Smith, A. M. (2013). The relative contribution of calcium, zinc and oxidation-based cross-links to the stiffness of Arion subfuscus glue. Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 1475-1483.

Breitwieser, F. P. & Colinge, J. (2013). IsobarPTM: a software tool for the quantitative analysis of post-translationally modified proteins. Journal of Proteomics 90, 77-84.

Brekhman, V., Malik, A., Haas, B., Sher, N. & Lotan, T. (2015). Transcriptome profiling of the dynamic life cycle of the scypohozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita. BMC Genomics 16, 74.

Brown, C. H. (1952). Some structural proteins of Mytilus edulis. Journal of Cell Science 3, 487-502.

Buffet, J. P., Corre, E., Duvernois-Berthet, E., Fournier, J. & Lopez, P. J. (2018). Adhesive gland transcriptomics uncovers a diversity of genes involved in glue formation in marine tube-building polychaetes. Acta Biomaterialia 72, 316-328.

Cajka, T. & Fiehn, O. (2016). Toward merging untargeted and targeted methods in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and lipidomics. Analytical Chemistry 88, 524-545.

Cao, C., Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M. & Chen, K. (2019). Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate. Nature 571, 349-354.

Cao, J., Packer, J. S., Ramani, V., Cusanovich, D. A., Huynh, C., Daza, R., Qiu, X., Lee, C., Furlan, S. N., Steemers, F. J., Adey, A., Waterston, R. H., Trapnell, C. & Shendure, J. (2017). Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science 357, 661-667.

Chapman, J. A., Kirkness, E. F., Simakov, O., Hampson, S. E., Mitros, T., Weinmaier, T., Rattei, T., Balasubramanian, P. G., Borman, J., Busam, D. & Disbennett, K. (2010). The dynamic genome of Hydra. Nature 464, 592-596.

Chen, Z. F., Matsumura, K., Wang, H., Arellano, S. M., Yan, X., Alam, I., Archer, J. A. C., Bajic, V. B. & Qian, P.-Y. (2011). Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of barnacle larval settlement: a comparative transcriptomic approach. PLoS One 6, e22913.

Choi, Y. S., Kang, D. G., Lim, S., Yang, Y. J., Kim, C. S. & Cha, H. J. (2011). Recombinant mussel adhesive protein fp-5 (MAP fp-5) as a bulk bioadhesive and surface coating material. Biofouling 27, 729-737.

Choi, Y. S., Yang, Y. J., Yang, B. & Cha, H. J. (2012). In vivo modification of tyrosine residues in recombinant mussel adhesive protein by tyrosinase co-expression in Escherichia coli. Microbial Cell Factories 11, 1-8.

Clarke, J. L., Davey, P. A. & Aldred, N. (2020). Sea anemones (Exaiptasia pallida) use a secreted adhesive and complex pedal disc morphology for surface attachment. BMC Zoology 5, 5.

Cohen, N., Waite, J. H., Mcmeeking, R. M. & Valentine, M. T. (2019). Force distribution and multiscale mechanics in the mussel byssus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190202.

Correa-Garhwal, S. M., Clarke, T. H., Janssen, M., Crevecoeur, L., Mcquillan, B. N., Simpson, A. H., Vink, C. J. & Hayashi, C. Y. (2019). Spidroins and silk fibers of aquatic spiders. Scientific Reports 9, 13656.

Crawford, N., Endlein, T., Pham, J. T., Riehle, M. & Barnes, J. P. (2016). When the going gets rough - studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7, 2116-2131.

Cziesielski, M. J., Liew, Y. J., Cui, G., Schmidt-Roach, S., Campana, S., Marondedze, C. & Aranda, M. (2018). Multi-omics analysis of thermal stress response in a zooxanthellate cnidarian reveals the importance of associating with thermotolerant symbionts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, 20172654.

Dardaillon, J., Dauga, D., Simion, P., Faure, E., Onuma, T. A., Debiasse, M. B., Louis, A., Nitta, K. R., Naville, M., Besnardeau, L., Reeves, W., Wang, K., Fagotto, M., Guéroult-Bellone, M., Fujiwara, S., et al. (2019). ANISEED 2019: 4D exploration of genetic data for an extended range of tunicates. Nucleic Acids Research 48, D668-D675.

Davey, P. A., Rodrigues, M., Clarke, J. L. & Aldred, N. (2019). Transcriptional characterisation of the Exaiptasia pallida pedal disc. BMC Genomics 20, 581.

de Bakker, D., Baetens, K., van Nimmen, E., Gellynck, K., Mertens, J., van Langenhove, L. & Kiekens, K. (2006). Description of the structure of different silk threads produced by the water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 136, 137-143.

Delsuc, F., Brinkmann, H., Chourrout, D. & Philippe, H. (2006). Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature 439, 965-968.

Delsuc, F., Philippe, H., Tsagkogeorga, G., Simion, P., Tilak, M. K., Turon, X., López-Legentil, S., Piette, J., Lemaire, P. & Douzery, E. J. P. (2018). A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates. BMC Biology 16, 39.

Demartini, D. G., Errico, J. M., Sjoestroem, S., Fenster, A. & Waite, J. H. (2017). A cohort of new adhesive proteins identified from transcriptomic analysis of mussel foot glands. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 14, 20170151.

Desmond, K. W., Zacchia, N. A., Waite, J. H. & Valentine, M. T. (2015). Dynamics of mussel byssal plaque attachment. Soft Matter 11, 6832-6839.

Dickinson, G. H., Vega, I. E., Wahl, K. J., Orihuela, B., Beley, V., Rodriguez, E. N., Everett, R. K., Bonaventura, J. & Rittschof, D. (2009). Barnacle cement: a polymerisation model based on evolutionary concepts. Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 3499-3510.

Domínguez-Pérez, D., Almeida, D., Wissing, J., Machado, A. M., Jänsch, L., Castro, L. F., Antunes, A., Vasconcelos, V., Campos, A. & Cunha, I. (2020). The quantitative proteome of the cement and adhesive gland of the pedunculate barnacle, Pollicipes pollicipes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, 2524.

Dou, H., Miao, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Dai, X., Zhang, X., Liang, P., Liu, W., Wang, S. & Bao, Z. (2018). Characterization of chiton Ischnochiton hakodadensis foot based on transcriptome sequencing. Journal of Ocean University of China 17, 632-640.

Dreanno, C., Matsumura, K., Dohmae, N., Takio, K., Hirota, H., Kirby, R. R. & Clare, A. S. (2006). An a2-macroglobulin-like protein is the cue to gregarious settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 14396-14401.

El-Gebali, S., Mistry, J., Bateman, A., Eddy, S. R., Luciani, A., Potter, S. C., Qureshi, M., Richardson, L. J., Salazar, G. A., Smart, A., Sonnhammer, E. L. L., Hirsh, L., Paladin, L., Piovesan, D., Tosatto, S. C. E., et al. (2019). The Pfam protein families database in 2019. Nucleic Acids Research 47, D427-D432.

Endrizzi, B. J. & Stewart, R. J. (2009). Glueomics: an expression survey of the adhesive gland of the sandcastle worm. Journal of Adhesion 85, 546-559.

Engel, B., Suppan, J., Nürnberger, S., Power, A. M. & Marchetti-Deschmann, M. (2021). Revisiting amino acid analyses for bioadhesives including a direct comparison of tick attachment cement (Dermacentor marginatus) and barnacle cement (Lepas anatifera). International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 105, 102798.

Engster, M. S. (1976). Studies on silk secretion in the trichoptera (F. Limnephilidae): I. histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the silk glands. Journal of Morphology 150, 183-211.

Eum, J.-H., Yoe, S.-M., Seo, Y.-R., Kang, S.-W. & Han, S.-S. (2005). Characterisation of a novel repetitive secretory protein specifically expressed in the modified salivary gland of Hydropsyche sp. (Trichoptera; Hydropsychidae). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 35, 435-441.

Farkaš, R., Ďatková, Z., Mentelová, L., Löw, P., Beňová-Liszeková, D., Beňo, M., Sass, M., Řehulka, P., Řehulková, H., Raška, O., Šmigová, J., Raška, I. & Mechler, B. M. (2014). Apocrine secretion in Drosophila salivary glands: subcellular origin, dynamics, and identification of secretory proteins. PLoS One 9, e94383.

Fears, K., Barnikel, A., Wassick, A., Ryou, H., Schultzhaus, J. N., Orihuela, B., Scancella, J. M., So, C. R., Hunsucker, K. Z., Leary, D. H., Swain, G., Rittschof, D., Spillmann, C. M. & Wahl, K. J. (2019). Adheison of acorn barnacles on surface active borate glasses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190203.

Federle, W. & Labonte, D. (2019). Dynamic biological adhesion: mechanisms for controlling attachment during locomotion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190199.

Fincher, C. T., Wurtzel, O., De Hoog, T., Kravarik, K. M. & Reddien, P. W. (2018). Cell type transcriptome atlas for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Science 360, eaaq1736.

Flammang, P., Lambert, A., Bailly, P. & Hennebert, E. (2009). Polyphosphoprotein-containing marine adhesives. The Journal of Adhesion 85, 447-464.

Foulon, V., Artigaud, S., Buscaglia, M., Bernay, B., Fabioux, C., Petton, B., Elies, P., Boukerma, K., Hellio, C., Guerard, F. & Boudry, P. (2018). Proteinaceous secretion of bioadhesive produced during crawling and settlement of Crassostrea gigas larvae. Scientific Reports 8, 15298.

Frandsen, P. B., Bursell, M. G., Taylor, A. M., Wilson, S. B., Steeneck, A. & Stewart, R. J. (2019). Exploring the underwater silken architectures of caddisworms: comparative silkomics across two caddisfly suborders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190206.

Fukushima, A., Kusano, M., Redestig, H., Arita, M. & Saito, K. (2009). Integrated omics approaches in plant systems biology. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 13(5-6), 532-538.

Gantayet, A., Ohana, L. & Sone, E. D. (2013). Byssal proteins of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Biofouling 29, 77-85.

Gohad, N. V., Aldred, N., Hartshorn, C. M., Lee, Y. J., Cicerone, M. T., Orihuela, B., Clare, A. S., Rittschof, D. & Mount, A. S. (2014). Synergistic roles for lipids and proteins in the permanent adhesive of barnacle larvae. Nature Communications 5, 4414.

Grabherr, M. G., Haas, B. J., Yassour, M., Levin, J. Z., Thompson, D. A., Amit, I., Adiconis, X., Fan, L., Raychowdhury, R., Zeng, Q., Chen, Z., Mauceli, E., Hacohen, N., Gnirke, A., Rhind, N., di Palma, F., Birren, B. W., Nusbaum, C., Lindblad-Toh, K., Friedman, N. & Regev, A. (2011). Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nature Biotechnology 29, 644-652.

Guerette, P., Hoon, S., Seow, Y., Raida, M., Masic, A., Wong, F. T., Ho, V. H. B., Kong, K. W., Demirel, M. C., Pena-Francesch, A., Amini, S., Tay, G. Z., Ding, D. & Miserez, A. (2013). Accelerating the design of biomimetic materials by integrating RNA-seq with proteomics and materials science. Nature Biotechnology 31, 908-915.

Haider, S. & Pal, R. (2013). Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data. Current Genomics 14, 91-110.

He, Y., Sun, C., Jiang, F., Yang, B., Li, J., Zhong, C., Zheng, L. & Ding, H. (2018). Lipids as integral components in mussel adhesion. Soft Matter 14, 7145-7154.

Hennebert, E., Gregorowicz, E. & Flammang, P. (2018). Involvement of sulfated biopolymers in adhesive secretions produced by marine invertebrates. Biology Open 7, bio037358.

Hennebert, E., Leroy, B., Wattiez, R. & Ladurner, P. (2015a). An integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of sea star epidermal secretions identifies proteins involved in defense and adhesion. Journal of Proteomics 128, 83-91.

Hennebert, E., Maldonado, B., Ladurner, P., Flammang, P. & Santos, R. (2015b). Experimental strategies for the identification and characterization of adhesive proteins in animals: a review. Interface Focus 5, 20140064.

Hennebert, E., Wattiez, R., Demeuldre, M., Ladurner, P., Hwang, D. S., Waite, J. H. & Flammang, P. (2014). Sea star tenacity mediated by a protein that fragments, then aggregates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, 6317-6322.

Hwang, D. S., Gim, Y. & Cha, H. J. (2005). Expression of functional recombinant mussel adhesive protein type 3A in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology Progress 21, 965-970.

Hwang, D. S., Yoo, H. J., Jun, J. H., Moon, W. K. & Cha, H. J. (2004). Expression of functional recombinant mussel adhesive protein Mgfp-5 in Escherichia coli. Applied Environmental Microbiology 70, 3352-3359.

Jehle, F., Macias-Sanchez, E., Fratzl, P., Bertinetti, L. & Harrington, M. J. (2020). Hierarchically-structured metalloprotein composite coatings biofabricated from co-existing condensed liquid phases. Nature Communications 11, 862.

Jensen, R. A. & Morse, D. E. (1988). The bioadhesive of Phragmatopoma californica tubes: a silk-like cement containing L-DOPA. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 158, 317-324.

Jonker, J.-L., Abram, F., Pires, E., Varela Coelho, A., Grunwald, I. & Power, A. M. (2014). Adhesive proteins of stalked and acorn barnacles display homology with low sequence similarities. PLoS One 9, e108902.

Jonker, J. L., Von Byern, J., Flammang, P., Klepal, W. & Power, A. M. (2012). Unusual adhesive production system in the barnacle Lepas anatifera: an ultrastructural and histochemical investigation. Journal of Morphology 273, 1377-1391.

Kamino, K. (2001). Novel barnacle underwater adhesive protein is a charged amino acid-rich protein constituted by a Cys-rich repetitive sequence. Biochemical Journal 356, 503-507.

Kamino, K. (2010). Absence of cross-linking via trans-glutaminase in barnacle cement and redefinition of the cement. Biofouling 26, 755-760.

Kamino, K., Inoue, K., Maruyama, T., Takamatsu, N., Harayama, S. & Shizuri, Y. (2000). Barnacle cement proteins - importance of disulfide bonds in their insolubility. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 27360-27365.

Kamino, K., Nakano, M. & Kanai, S. (2012). Significance of the conformation of building blocks in curing of barnacle underwater adhesive. FEBS Journal 279, 1750-1760.

Kamino, K., Odo, S. & Maruyama, T. (1996). Cement proteins of the acorn barnacle. Megabalanus rosa. Biological Bulletin 190, 403-409.

Kang, V., Lengerer, B., Wattiez, R. & Flammang, P. (2020). Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.). Open Biology 10, 200019.

Kavanaugh, C., Quinn, R. D. & Swain, G. W. (2005). Observations of barnacle detachment from silicones using high-speed video. Journal of Adhesion 81, 843-868.

Kayal, E., Bentlage, B., Pankey, M. S., Ohdera, A. H., Medina, M., Plachetzki, D. C., Collins, A. G. & Ryan, J. F. (2018). Phylogenomics provides a robust topology of the major cnidarian lineages and insights on the origins of key organismal traits. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18, 68.

Kiselev, V. Y., Andrews, T. S. & Hemberg, M. (2019). Challenges in unsupervised clustering of single-cell RNA-seq data. Nature Reviews Genetics 20, 310.

Kludkiewicz, B., Takasu, Y., Fedic, R., Tamura, T., Sehnal, F. & Zurovec, M. (2009). Structure and expression of the silk adhesive protein Ser2 in Bombyx mori. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 39, 938-946.

Kronenberger, K., Dicko, C. & Vollrath, F. (2012). A novel marine silk. Naturwissenschaften 99, 3-10.

Labonte, D., Clemente, C. J., Dittrich, A., Kuo, C.-Y., Crosby, D. J. I., Irschick, D. J. & Federle, W. (2016). Extreme positive allometry of animal adhesive pads and the size limits of adhesion-based climbing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 1297-1302.

Lang, T., Hansson, G. C. & Samuelsson, T. (2007). Gel-forming mucins appeared early in metazoan evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 16209-16214.

Lebesgue, N., da Costa, G., Ribeiro, R. M., Ribeiro-Silva, C., Martins, G. G., Matranga, V., Scholten, A., Cordeiro, C., Heck, A. J. & Santos, R. (2016). Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying sea urchin reversible adhesion: a quantitative proteomics approach. Journal of Proteomics 138, 61-71.

Lee, B. P., Messersmith, P. B., Israelachvili, J. N. & Waite, J. H. (2011). Mussel-inspired adhesives and coatings. Annual Review of Materials Research 41, 99-132.

Lee, S. J., Han, Y. H., Nam, B. H., Kim, Y. O. & Reeves, P. (2008). A novel expression system for recombinant marine mussel adhesive protein Mefp1 using a truncated OmpA signal peptide. Molecules and Cells 26, 34-40.

Lefevre, M., Flammang, P., Aranko, A. S., Linder, M. B., Scheibel, T., Humenik, M., Leclercq, M., Surin, M., Tafforeau, L., Wattiez, R., Leclère, P. & Hennebert, E. (2020). Sea star-inspired recombinant adhesive proteins self-assemble and adsorb on surfaces in aqueous environments to form cytocompatible coatings. Acta Biomaterialia S1742-7061, 30306-30308.

Lengerer, B., Algrain, M., Lefevre, M., Delroisse, J., Hennebert, E. & Flammang, P. (2019). Interspecies comparison of sea star footprint proteins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190195.

Lengerer, B., Hennebert, E., Flammang, P., Salvenmoser, W. & Ladurner, P. (2016). Adhesive organ regeneration in Macrostomum lignano. BMC Development Biology 16, 20.

Lengerer, B. & Ladurner, P. (2018). Properties of temporary adhesion systems of marine and freshwater organisms. Journal of Experimental Biology 221, 182717.

Lengerer, B., Pjeta, R., Wunderer, J., Rodrigues, M., Arbore, R., Schärer, L., Berezikov, E., Hess, M. W., Pfaller, K., Egger, B., Obwegeser, S., Salvenmoser, W. & Ladurner, P. (2014). Biological adhesion of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano relies on a duo-gland system and is mediated by a cell type-specific intermediate filament protein. Frontiers in Zoology 11, 12.

Lengerer, B., Wunderer, J., Pjeta, R., Carta, G., Kao, D., Aboobaker, A., Beisel, C., Berezikov, E., Salvenmoser, W. & Ladurner, P. (2018). Organ specific gene expression in the regenerating tail of Macrostomum lignano. Developmental Biology 433, 448-460.

Li, S., Huang, X., Chen, Y., Li, X. & Zhan, A. (2019). Identification and characterization of proteins involved in stolon adhesion in the highly invasive fouling ascidian Ciona robusta. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 510, 91-96.

Li, S., Xia, Z., Chen, Y., Gao, Y. & Zhan, A. (2018). Byssus structure and protein composition in the highly invasive fouling mussel Limnoperna fortunei. Frontiers in Physiology 9, 418.

Li, Y., Sun, X., Hu, X., Xun, X., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Jiao, W., Zhang, L., Liu, E., Wang, J., Li, J., Sun, Y., Miao, Y., Zhang, X., Cheng, T., et al. (2017). Scallop genome reveals molecular adaptations to semi-sessile life and neurotoxins. Nature Communications 8, 1721.

Liang, C., Li, Y., Liu, Z., Wu, W. & Hu, B. (2015). Protein aggregation formed by recombinant cp19k homologue of Balanus albicostatus combined with an 18 kDa N-terminus encoded by pET-32a(+) plasmid having adhesion strength comparable to several commercial glues. PLoS One 10, e0136493.

Liang, C., Strickland, J., Ye, Z., Wu, W., Hu, B. & Rittschof, D. (2019). Biochemistry of barnacle adhesion: an updated review. Frontiers in Marine Sciences 6, 565.

Liang, C., Ye, Z., Xue, B., Zeng, L., Wu, W., Zhong, C., Cao, Y., Hu, B. & Messersmith, P. B. (2018). Self-assembled nanofibers for strong underwater adhesion: the trick of barnacles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, 25017-25025.

Lin, H. C., Wong, Y. H., Tsang, L. M., Chu, K. H., Qian, P. Y. & Chan, B. K. (2014). First study on gene expression of cement proteins and potential adhesion-related genes of a membranous-based barnacle as revealed from next-generation sequencing technology. Biofouling 30, 169-181.

Lu, S., Wang, J., Chitsaz, F., Derbyshire, M. K., Geer, R. C., Gonzales, N. R., Gwadz, M., Hurwitz, D. I., Marchler, G. H., Song, J. S., Thanki, N., Yamashita, R. A., Yang, M., Zhang, D., Zheng, C., Lanczycki, C. J. & Marchler-Bauer, A. (2020). CDD/SPARCLE: the conserved domain database in 2020. Nucleic Acids Research 48, D265-D268.

Luo, S., Tang, M., Frandsen, P. B., Stewart, R. J. & Zhou, X. (2018). The genome of an underwater architect, the caddisfly Stenopsyche tienmushanensis Hwang (Insecta: Trichoptera). Gigascience 7, giy143.

Machado, A. M., Sarropoulou, E., Castro, L. F. C., Vasconcelos, V. & Cunha, I. (2019). An important resource for understanding bio-adhesion mechanisms: cement gland transcriptomes of two goose barnacles, Pollicipes pollicipes and Lepas anatifera (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Marine Genomics 45, 16-20.

Macosko, E. Z., Basu, A., Satija, R., Nemesh, J., Shekhar, K., Goldman, M., Tirosh, I., Bialas, A. R., Kamitaki, N., Martersteck, E. M., Trombetta, J. J., Weitz, D. A., Sanes, J. R., Shalek, A. K., Regev, A. & McCarroll, S. A. (2015). Highly parallel genome-wide expression profiling of individual cells using nanoliter droplets. Cell 161, 1202-1214.

Madsen, J., Mollenhauer, J. & Holmskov, U. (2010). Review: Gp-340/DMBT1 in mucosal innate immunity. Innate Immunology 16, 160-167.

Marçais, G. & Kingsford, C. (2011). A fast, lock-free approach for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of k-mers. Bioinformatics 27, 764-770.

Marchler-Bauer, A., Derbyshire, M. K., Gonzales, N. R., Lu, S., Chitsaz, F., Geer, L. Y., Geer, R. C., He, J., Gwadz, M., Hurwitz, D. I., Lanczycki, C. J., Lu, F., Marchler, G. H., Song, J. S., Thanki, N., Wang, Z., Yamashita, R. A., Zhang, D., Zheng, C. & Bryant, S. H. (2015). CDD: NCBI's conserved domain database. Nucleic Acids Research 43, D222-D226.

Martin, M. (2011). Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. Journal 17, 10-12.

Matranga, V., di Ferrol, D., Zito, F., Cervello, M. & Nakano, E. (1992). A new extracellular matrix protein of the sea urchin embryo with properties of a substrate adhesion molecule. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 201, 173-178.

Miao, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Jiao, W., Li, Y., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Bao, Z. & Liu, W. (2015). Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches provides a core set of genes for understanding of scallop attachment. Marine Biotechnology 17, 523-532.

Mohanram, H., Kumar, A., Verma, C. S., Pervushin, K. & Miserez, A. (2019). Three-dimensional structure of Megabalanus rosa cement protein 20 revealed by multi-dimensional NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190198.

Moya, A., Huisman, L., Ball, E. E., Hayward, D. C., Grasso, L. C., Chua, C. M., Woo, H. N., Gattuso, J.-P., Forêt, S. & Miller, D. J. (2012). Whole transcriptome analysis of the coral Acropora millepora reveals complex responses to CO₂-driven acidification during the initiation of calcification. Molecular Ecology 21, 2440-2454.

Nakano, M. & Kamino, K. (2015). Amyloid-like conformation and interaction for the self-assembly in barnacle underwater cement. Biochemistry 54, 826-835.

Nakano, M., Shen, J.-R. & Kamino, K. (2007). Self-assembling peptide inspired by a barnacle underwater adhesive protein. Biomacromolecules 8, 1830-1835.

Nomura, T., Ito, M., Kanamori, M., Shigeno, Y., Uchiumi, T., Arai, R., Tsukada, M., Hirabayashi, K. & Ohkawa, K. (2016). Characterization of silk gland ribosomes from a bivoltine caddisfly, Stenopsyche marmorata: translational suppression of a silk protein in cold conditions. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 469, 210-215.

Oh, D. X., Kim, S., Lee, D. & Hwang, D. S. (2015). Tunicate-mimetic nanofibrous hydrogel adhesive with improved wet adhesion. Acta Biomaterialia 20, 104-112.

Palacio, M. L. B. & Bhushan, B. (2012). Bioadhesion: a review of concepts and applications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 370, 2321-2347.

Palmowski, P., Watson, R., Europe-Finner, G. N., Karolczak-Bayatti, M., Porter, A., Treumann, A. & Taggart, M. J. (2019). The generation of a comprehensive spectral library for the analysis of the Guinea pig proteome by SWATH-MS. Proteomics 19, 1900156.

Pennati, R. & Rothbächer, U. (2015). Bioadhesion in ascidians: a developmental and functional genomics perspective. Interface Focus 5, 20140061.

Petersen, H. O., Höger, S. K., Looso, M., Lengfeld, T., Kuhn, A., Warnken, U., Nishimiya-Fujisawa, C., Schnölzer, M., Krüger, M., Özbek, S. & Simakov, O. (2015). A comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of hydra head regeneration. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32, 1928-1947.

Petersen, T. N., Brunak, S., Von Heijne, G. & Nielsen, H. (2011). SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nature Methods 8, 785-786.

Petrone, L., Aldred, N., Emami, K., Enander, K., Ederth, T. & Clare, A. S. (2015). Chemistry-specific surface adsorption of the barnacle settlement-inducing protein complex. Interface Focus 5, 20140047.

Pfister, D., de Mulder, K., Philipp, I., Kuales, G., Hrouda, M., Eichberger, P., Borgonie, G., Hartenstein, V. & Ladurner, P. (2007). The exceptional stem cell system of Macrostomum lignano: screening for gene expression and studying cell proliferation by hydroxyurea treatment and irradiation. Frontiers in Zoology 4, 9.

Phang, I. Y., Aldred, N., Ling, X. Y., Huskens, J., Clare, A. S. & Vancso, G. J. (2010). Atomic force microscopy of the morphology and mechanical behaviour of barnacle footprint proteins at the nanoscale. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 7, 285-296.

Pjeta, R., Wunderer, J., Bertemes, P., Hofer, T., Salvenmoser, W., Lengerer, B., Coassin, S., Erhart, G., Beisel, C., Sobral, D., Kremser, L., Lindner, H., Curini-Galletti, M., Stelzer, C.-P., Hess, M. W. & Ladurner, P. (2019). Temporary adhesion of the proseriate flatworm Minona ileanae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190194.

Pjeta, R., Lindner, H., Kremser, L., Salvenmoser, W., Sobral, D., Ladurner, P. & Santos, R. (2020). Integrative transcriptome and proteome analysis of the tube foot and adhesive secretions of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, 946.

Priemel, T., Palia, R., Babych, M., Thibodeaux, C. J., Bourgault, S. & Harrington, M. J. (2020). Compartmentalized processing of catechols during mussel byssus fabrication determines the destiny of DOPA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, 7613-7621.

Qin, C. L., Pan, Q. D., Qi, Q., Fan, M.-H., Sun, J.-J., Li, N.-N. & Liao, Z. (2016). In-depth proteomic analysis of the byssus from marine mussel Mytilus coruscus. Journal of Proteomics 144, 87-98.

Rappsilber, J., Mann, M. & Ishihama, Y. (2007). Protocol for micro-purification, enrichment, pre-fractionation and storage of peptides for proteomics using StageTips. Nature Protocols 2, 1896-1906.

Rees, D. J., Hanifi, A., Obille, A., Alexander, R. & Sone, E. D. (2019). Fingerprinting of proteins that mediate quagga mussel adhesion using a de novo assembled foot transcriptome. Scientific Reports 9, 6305.

Richter, K., Grunwald, I. & Von Byern, J. (2018). Bioadhesives. In Handbook of Adhesion Technology (eds L. da Silva, A. Oechsner and R. Adams), pp. 1-45.Springer, Cham.

Rocha, M., Antas, P., Castro, L., Campos, A., Vasconcelos, V., Pereira, F. & Cunha, I. (2019). Comparative analysis of the adhesive proteins of the adult stalked goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Cirripedia: Pedunculata). Marine Biotechnology 21, 38-51.

Rodrigues, M., Ostermann, T., Kremeser, L., Lindner, H., Beisel, C., Berezikov, E., Hobmayer, B. & Ladurner, P. (2016). Profiling of adhesive-related genes in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra magnipapillata by transcriptomics and proteomics. Biofouling 32, 1115-1129.

Rudd, P., Karlsson, N. G., Khoo, K. H. & Packer, N. H. (2017). Glycomics and glycoproteomics. In Essentials of Glycobiology, 3rd Edition . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor.

Santos, R., Barreto, A., Franco, C. & Coelho, A. V. (2013). Mapping Sea urchins tube feet proteome - a unique hydraulic mechano-sensory adhesive organ. Journal of Proteomics 79, 100-113.

Santos, R. & Flammang, P. (2007). Intra- and interspecific variation of attachment strength in sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332, 129-142.

Schultzhaus, J. N., Dean, S., Leary, D. H., Hervey, D. H., Fears, K. P., Wahl, K. J. & Spillmann, C. M. (2019). Pressure cycling technology for challenging proteomic sample processing: application to barnacle adhesive. Integrative Biology 11, 235-247.

Sebe-Pedros, A., Saudemont, B., Chomsky, E., Plessier, F., Mailhe, M.-P., Renno, J., Loe-Mie, Y., Lifshitz, A., Mukamel, Z., Schmutz, S., Novault, S., Steinmetz, P. R. H., Spitz, F., Tanay, A. & Marlow, H. (2018). Cnidarian cell type diversity and regulation revealed by whole-organism single-cell RNA-Seq. Cell 173, 1520-1534.

Sehnal, F. & Akai, H. (1990). Insect silk glands: their types, development and function, and effects of environmental factors and morphological hormones on them. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 19, 79-132.

Sehnal, F. & Zurovec, M. (2004). Construction of silk fiber in core lepidoptera. Biomacromolecules 5, 666-674.

Seppey, M., Manni, M. & Zdobnov, E. M. (2019). BUSCO: assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Volume 1962), pp. 227-245.Humana Press Inc., Totowa.

Sharma, S., Wang, W. & Stolfi, A. (2019). Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the Ciona larval brain. Developmental Biology 448, 226-236.

Silverman, H. G. & Roberto, F. F. (2007). Understanding marine mussel adhesion. Marine Biotechnology 9, 661-681.

Simão, M., Moço, M., Marques, L. & Santos, R. (2020). Characterization of the glycans involved in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus reversible adhesion. Marine Biology 167, 125.

Sinohara, H. (1977). Carbohydrate content of various silk fibroins. Insect Biochemistry 7, 3-4.

Sinohara, H. (1979). Glycopeptides isolated from sericin of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 63, 87-91.

So, C. R., Fears, K. P., Leary, D. H., Scancella, J. M., Wang, Z., Liu, J. L., Orihuela, B., Rittschof, D., Spillmann, C. M. & Wahl, K. J. (2016). Sequence basis of barnacle cement nanostructure is defined by proteins with silk homology. Scientific Reports 6, 36219.

So, C. R., Scancella, J. M., Fears, K. P., Essock-Burns, T., Haynes, S. E., Leary, D. H., Diana, Z., Wang, C., North, S., Oh, C. S., Wang, Z., Orihuela, B., Rittschof, D., Spillmann, C. M. & Wahl, K. J. (2017). Oxidase activity of the barnacle adhesive interface involves peroxide-dependent catechol oxidase and lysyl oxidase enzymes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, 11493-11505.

Song, L. & Florea, L. (2015). Rcorrector: efficient and accurate error correction for Illumina RNA-seq reads. GigaScience 4, 48.

Stanke, M., Diekhans, M., Baertsch, R. & Haussler, D. (2008). Using native and syntenically mapped cDNA alignments to improve de novo gene finding. Bioinformatics 24, 637-644.

Stewart, R. J., Ransom, T. C. & Hlady, V. (2011). Natural underwater adhesives. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 49, 757-771.

Stewart, R. J. & Wang, C. S. (2010). Adaptation of caddisfly larval silks to aquatic habitats by phosphorylation of H-fibroin serines. Biomacromolecules 11, 969-974.

Stewart, R. J., Weaver, J. C., Morse, D. E. & Waite, J. H. (2004). The tube cement of Phragmatopoma californica: a solid foam. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4727-4734.

Strickland, M., Tudorica, V., Řezáč, M., Thomas, N. R. & Goodacre, S. L. (2018). Conservation of a pH-sensitive structure in the C-terminal region of spider silk extends across the entire silk gene family. Heredity 120, 574-580.

Swaney, D. L., Wenger, C. D. & Coon, J. J. (2010). Value of using multiple proteases for large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Journal of Proteome Research 9, 1323-1329.

Tamarin, A., Lewis, P. & Askey, J. (1976). The structure and formation of the byssus attachment plaque in Mytilus. Journal of Morphology 149, 199-221.

Tanaka, H. (2010). Omics-based medicine and systems pathology. Methods of Information in Medicine 49, 173-185.

Tilbury, M. A., Mccarthy, S., Domagalska, M., Ederth, T., Power, A. M. & Wall, J. G. (2019). The expression and characterization of recombinant cp19k barnacle cement protein from Pollicipes pollicipes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190205.

Tillinghast, E. K. & Sinohara, H. (1984). Carbohydrates associated with the orb web protein of Argiope aurantia. Biochemistry International 9, 315-317.

Toubarro, D., Gouveia, A., Ribeiro, R. M., Simoes, N., Da Costa, G., Cordeiro, C. & Santos, R. (2016). Cloning, characterization, and expression levels of the Nectin gene from the tube feet of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Marine Biotechnology 18, 372-383.

Tyanova, S., Temu, T., Sinitcyn, P., Carlson, A., Hein, M. Y., Geiger, T., Mann, M. & Cox, J. (2016). The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote) omics data. Nature Methods 13, 731-740.

Ueki, T., Koike, K., Fukuba, I. & Yamaguchi, N. (2018). Structural and mass spectrometric imaging analyses of adhered tunic and adhesive projections of solitary ascidians. Zoological Science 35, 535-547.

Uliano-Silva, M., Americo, J. A., Brindeiro, R., Dondero, F., Prosdocimi, F. & Rebelo, M. F. (2014). Gene discovery through transcriptome sequencing for the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei. PLoS One 9, e102973.

Urushida, Y., Nakano, M., Matsuda, S., Inoue, N., Kanai, S., Kitamura, N., Nishino, T. & Kamino, K. (2007). Identification and functional characterization of a novel barnacle cement protein. FEBS Journal 274, 4336-4346.

Valois, E., Mirshafian, R. & Waite, J. H. (2020). Phase-dependent redox insulation in mussel adhesion. Science Advances 6, eaaz6486.

Venier, P., de Pittà, C., Bernante, F., Varotto, L., de Nardi, B., Bovo, G., Roch, P., Novoa, B., Figueras, A., Pallavicini, A. & Lanfranchi, G. (2009). MytiBase: a knowledgebase of mussel (M. galloprovincialis) transcribed sequences. BMC Genomics 10, 72.

Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A. & Gocayne, J. D. (2001). The sequence of the human genome. Science 291, 1304-1351.

Vollrath, F. & Tillinghast, E. K. (1991). Glycoprotein glue beneath a spider web's aqueous coat. Naturwissenschaften 78, 557-559.

Waite, J. H. (1985). Catechol oxidase in the byssus of the common mussel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, 359-371.

Waite, J. H. (2017). Mussel adhesion - essential footwork. Journal of Experimental Biology 220, 517-530.

Waite, J. H. (2019). Translational bioadhesion research: embracing biology without tokenism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190207.

Waite, J. H., Andersen, N. H., Jewhurst, S. & Sun, C. (2005). Mussel adhesion: finding the tricks worth mimicking. Journal of Adhesion 81, 297-317.

Waite, J. H. & Tanzer, M. (1981). Polyphenolic substance of Mytilus edulis: novel adhesive containing L-DOPA and hydroxyproline. Science 212, 1038-1040.

Wang, C.-S., Ashton, N. N., Weiss, R. B. & Stewart, R. J. (2014). Peroxinectin catalyzed dityrosine crosslinking in the adhesive underwater silk of a casemaker caddisfly larvae, Hysperophylax occidentalis. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 54, 69-79.

Wang, J., Suhre, M. H. & Scheibel, T. (2019). A mussel polyphenol oxidase-like protein shows thiol-mediated antioxidant activity. European Polymer Journal 113, 305-312.

Wang, L., Teng, L., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Lyu, Q., Yang, Y. & Liu, W. (2020). Discovery and characterization of tyrosinases from sea anemone pedal disc. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 34, 1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1731271.

Wang, X., Zhao, P., Li, Y., Yi, Q., Ma, S., Xie, K., Chen, H. & Xia, Q. (2015). Modifying the mechanical properties of silk fiber by genetically disrupting the ionic environment for silk formation. Biomacromolecules 16, 3119-3125.

Wang, Y., Liu, C., Du, J., Huang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, R. (2018). The microstructure, proteomics and crystallization of the limpet teeth. Proteomics 18, 1800194.

Wang, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, T. & Nakagaki, M. (2010). Characterization of a cysteine-rich protein specifically expressed in the silk gland of a caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata (Trichoptera; Stenopsychidae). Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 74, 108-112.

Wasik, K., Gurtowski, J., Zhou, X., Mendivil Ramos, O. M., Delas, G. B., Demerdash, O. E., Falciatori, I., Vizoso, D. B., Smith, A. D., Ladurner, P., Charer, L., Mccrombie, W. R., Hannon, G. J. & Schatz, M. (2015). Macrostomum lignano genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, 12462-12467.

Weber, M., Wunderer, J., Lengerer, B., Pjeta, R., Rodrigues, M., Schärer, L., Ladurner, P. & Ramm, S. A. (2018). A targeted in situ hybridization screen identifies putative seminal fluid proteins in a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18, 81.

Wilhelm, M. H., Filippidi, E., Waite, J. H. & Valentine, M. T. (2017). Influence of multi-cycle loading on the structure and mechanics of marine mussel plaques. Soft Matter 13, 7381-7388.

Wilks, A. M., Rabice, S. R., Garbacz, H. S., Harro, C. C. & Smith, A. M. (2015). Double-network gels and the toughness of terrestrial slug glue. Journal of Experimental Biology 218, 3128-3137.

Wu, J. & Pascovici, D. (2018). SwathXtend: SWATH extended library generation and statistical data analysis. R package version 2.

Wudarski, J., Egger, B., Ramm, S. A., Schärer, L., Ladurner, P., Zadesenets, S. K., Rubtsov, N. B., Mouton, S. & Berezikov, S. (2020). The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano. EvoDevo 11, 5.

Wunderer, J., Lengerer, B., Pjeta, R., Bertemes, P., Kremser, L., Lindner, H., Ederth, T., Hess, M. W., Stock, D., Salvenmoser, W. & Ladurner, P. (2019). A mechanism for temporary bioadhesion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, 4297-4306.

Xiong, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Yao, J. & Lu, H. (2020). A novel method for large-scale confirmation of protein structures and surface accessible modification sites. Talanta 211, 120697.

Xu, W. & Faisal, M. (2010). Factorial microarray analysis of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha: Dreissenidae, Bivalvia) adhesion. BMC Genomics 11, 341.

Yan, G., Sun, J., Wang, Z., Qian, P. Y. & He, L. (2020). Insights into the synthesis, secretion and curing of barnacle cyprid adhesive via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the cement gland. Marine Drugs 18, 186.

Yonemura, N., Mita, K., Tamura, T. & Sehnal, F. (2009). Conservation of silk genes in Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Journal of Molecular Evolution 68, 641-653.

Yorisue, T., Matsumura, K., Hirota, H., Dohmae, N. & Kojima, S. (2012). Possible molecular mechanisms of species recognition by barnacle larvae inferred from multi-specific sequencing analysis of proteinaceous settlement-inducing pheromone. Biofouling 28, 605-611.

Zeng, F., Wunderer, J., Salvenmoser, W., Ederth, T. & Rothbächer, U. (2019a). Identifying adhesive components in a model tunicate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, 20190197.

Zeng, F., Wunderer, J., Salvenmoser, W., Hess, M. W., Ladurner, P. & Rothbächer, U. (2019b). Papillae revisited and the nature of the adhesive secreting collocytes. Developmental Biology 448, 183-198.

Zhan, K., Kim, C., Sung, K., Ejima, H. & Yoshie, N. (2017). Tunicate-inspired gallol polymers for underwater adhesive: a comparative study of catechol and gallol. Biomacromolecules 18, 2959-2966.

Zhang, G., He, L. S., Wong, Y. H., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y. & Qian, P. Y. (2015a). Chemical component and proteomic study of the Amphibalanus (= Balanus) amphitrite shell. PLoS One 10, e0133866.

Zhang, X., Ruan, Z., You, X., Wang, J., Chen, J., Peng, C. & Shi, Q. (2017). De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of the foot from Chinese green mussel (Perna viridis) in response to cadmium stimulation. PLoS One 12, e0176677.

Zhang, Y., Zhao, P., Dong, Z., Wang, D., Guo, P., Guo, X., Song, Q., Zhang, W. & Xia, Q. (2015b). Comparative proteome analysis of multi-layer cocoon of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 10, e0123403.

Zheden, V., Klepal, W., von Byern, J., Bogner, F. B., Thiel, K., Kowalik, T. & Grunwald, I. (2014). Biochemical analyses of the cement float of the goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis - a preliminary study. Biofouling 30, 949-963.

Characterization of silk genes in Ephestia kuehniella and Galleria mellonella revealed duplication of sericin genes and highly divergent sequences encoding fibroin heavy chains

Comparison of Silks from Pseudoips prasinana and Bombyx mori Shows Molecular Convergence in Fibroin Heavy Chains but Large Differences in Other Silk Components