The phylogenetic diversity of Ochrophyta, a diverse and ecologically important radiation of algae, is still incompletely understood even at the level of the principal lineages. One taxon that has eluded simple classification is the marine flagellate genus Olisthodiscus. We investigated Olisthodiscus luteus K-0444 and documented its morphological and genetic differences from the NIES-15 strain, which we described as Olisthodiscus tomasii sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of combined 18S and 28S rRNA sequences confirmed that Olisthodiscus constitutes a separate, deep, ochrophyte lineage, but its position could not be resolved. To overcome this problem, we sequenced the plastid genome of O. luteus K-0444 and used the new data in multigene phylogenetic analyses, which suggested that Olisthodiscus is a sister lineage of the class Pinguiophyceae within a broader clade additionally including Chrysophyceae, Synchromophyceae, and Eustigmatophyceae. Surprisingly, the Olisthodiscus plastid genome contained three genes, ycf80, cysT, and cysW, inherited from the rhodophyte ancestor of the ochrophyte plastid yet lost from all other ochrophyte groups studied so far. Combined with nuclear genes for CysA and Sbp proteins, Olisthodiscus is the only known ochrophyte possessing a plastidial sulfate transporter SulT. In addition, the finding of a cemA gene in the Olisthodiscus plastid genome and an updated phylogenetic analysis ruled out the previously proposed hypothesis invoking horizontal cemA transfer from a green algal plastid into Synurales. Altogether, Olisthodiscus clearly represents a novel phylogenetically distinct ochrophyte lineage, which we have proposed as a new class, Olisthodiscophyceae.

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Parasitology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava 710 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Biosciences University of Oslo P O Box 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway

Department of Molecular Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of the Basque Country 48940 Leioa Spain

Natural history Museum University of Oslo P O Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadallèen 21 0349 Oslo Norway

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A cryptic plastid and a novel mitochondrial plasmid in Leucomyxa plasmidifera gen. and sp. nov. (Ochrophyta) push the frontiers of organellar biology

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RefSeq
NC_004799.1, KJ569775.1, NC_024665.1, M24288.1, X15768.1, M82860.1, AF086950.1, AF157380.1, AF210743.1, AF112992.1, AY788937.1, DQ065612.1, AY864022.1, AB280605.1, AB459521.1, AB459522.1, KP780272.1, MT859097.1, MW045617.1, MW052523.1, MW052524.1, MT497912.1, MT497913.1, MW045558.1, MW045538.1, KP404867.1, AY180021.1, NC_000926.1, KP780272