Anti-CD20 antibody treatments, such as obinutuzumab, have been associated with infusion-related reactions (IRRs). In the phase 3 iLLUMINATE study of ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab in first-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, IRRs were substantially reduced with ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. We prospectively analyzed inflammatory cytokines to evaluate the impact of ibrutinib on circulating cytokine levels following obinutuzumab infusion. In iLLUMINATE, ibrutinib or chlorambucil was given approximately 30-120 min before the first obinutuzumab infusion. Cytokines evaluated were IFNγ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNFα. Changes in peak cytokine levels from baseline (immediately before obinutuzumab) to post-obinutuzumab infusion were compared between arms and between patients with versus without IRRs using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Of 228 treated patients, 95 on ibrutinib-obinutuzumab (15 with IRRs, 80 without) and 88 on chlorambucil-obinutuzumab (45 with IRRs, 43 without) with cytokine data were included. Irrespective of IRR occurrence, median increase in cytokines was lower with ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab for all cytokines (P < 0.01) except MIP-1β. Across treatment arms, post-obinutuzumab median increase in all cytokines except MIP-1β was greater in patients with versus without IRRs (P < 0.001). IL-6 and IL-8 elevations were associated with IRRs in both treatment arms. Among patients with IRRs, those receiving ibrutinib-obinutuzumab had lower post-obinutuzumab increases in IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 (P < 0.04) than patients receiving chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. For patients in the ibrutinib-treatment arm, we observed a reduction in both the rate of clinically apparent IRRs and the levels of IRR-related cytokines and chemokines. This observation supports an immunomodulatory mechanism of action for ibrutinib. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02264574.

3rd Medical Department Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Cancer Research Institute CCCIT Cancer Cluster Salzburg Salzburg Austria

Biostatistics Pharmacyclics LLC an AbbVie Company Sunnyvale CA USA

Center for Blood Cancers Medical Oncology Sarah Cannon Research Institute Tennessee Oncology Nashville TN USA

Centre for Haemato Oncology Queen Mary University of London Barts Cancer Institute London UK

Clinical Science Pharmacyclics LLC an AbbVie Company Sunnyvale CA USA

Department of Clinical Hematology Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia

Department of Clinical Hematology University of Alberta Hospital Edmonton Alberta Canada

Department of Hematology ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda Milano Italy

Department of Hematology Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Turkey

Department of Hematology Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department of Internal Medicine Hematology University Hospital and Medical School Hradec Králové Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Medical Oncology Tennessee Oncology Chattanooga TN USA

Translational Medicine Pharmacyclics LLC an AbbVie Company Sunnyvale CA USA

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NCT02264574