Wild barley is abundant, occupying large diversity of sites, ranging from the northern mesic Mediterranean meadows to the southern xeric deserts in Israel. This is also reflected in its wide phenotypic heterogeneity. We investigated the dynamics of DNA content changes in seed tissues in ten wild barley accessions that originated from an environmental gradient in Israel. The flow cytometric measurements were done from the time shortly after pollination up to the dry seeds. We show variation in mitotic cell cycle and endoreduplication dynamics in both diploid seed tissues (represented by seed maternal tissues and embryo) and in the triploid endosperm. We found that wild barley accessions collected at harsher xeric environmental conditions produce higher proportion of endoreduplicated nuclei in endosperm tissues. Also, a comparison of wild and cultivated barley strains revealed a higher endopolyploidy level in the endosperm of wild barley, that is accompanied by temporal changes in the timing of the major developmental phases. In summary, we present a new direction of research focusing on connecting spatiotemporal patterns of endoreduplication in barley seeds and possibly buffering for stress conditions.

Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Šlechtitelů 31 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Botany Physiology and Plant Protection Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture University of Agriculture in Krakow Al 29 Listopada 54 31 425 Krakow Poland

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Poznan University of Life Sciences 11 Dojazd St 60 632 Poznan Poland

Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986 4a 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Evolution University of Haifa Abba Khoushy Ave 199 Haifa 3498838 Israel

The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology The Polish Academy of Sciences Niezapominajek 21 30 239 Krakow Poland

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The transcriptome landscape of developing barley seeds