Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.

Department of Condensed Matter Physics Faculty of Science Masaryk University 61137 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer Istanbul 34450 Turkey

Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS F 33607 Pessac France

POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada University of the Basque Country UPV EHU 20018 Donostia San Sebastián Spain

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