The mental health of young adults, particularly students, is at high risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in mental health between university students in nine countries during the pandemic. The study encompassed 2349 university students (69% female) from Colombia, the Czech Republic (Czechia), Germany, Israel, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Participants underwent the following tests: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Exposure to COVID-19 (EC-19), Perceived Impact of Coronavirus (PIC) on students' well-being, Physical Activity (PA), and General Self-Reported Health (GSRH). The one-way ANOVA showed significant differences between countries. The highest depression and anxiety risk occurred in Turkey, the lowest depression in the Czech Republic and the lowest anxiety in Germany. The χ2 independence test showed that EC-19, PIC, and GSRH were associated with anxiety and depression in most of the countries, whereas PA was associated in less than half of the countries. Logistic regression showed distinct risk factors for each country. Gender and EC-19 were the most frequent predictors of depression and anxiety across the countries. The role of gender and PA for depression and anxiety is not universal and depends on cross-cultural differences. Students' mental health should be addressed from a cross-cultural perspective.

Bob Shapell School of Social Work Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel

Department of Psychology University of Bamberg 96047 Bamberg Germany

Department of Regional and Business Economics Mendel University in Brno 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Special Education University of Haifa Haifa 3498838 Israel

Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture Lviv State University of Physical Culture 79007 Lviv Ukraine

Faculty of Business and Management Brno University of Technology 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Ağrı 04000 Turkey

Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Ataturk University Erzurum 25240 Turkey

Faculty of Economics Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin 20 031 Lublin Poland

Faculty of Management University of Primorska 6101 Koper Slovenia

Faculty of Medicine University of Technology 40 555 Katowice Poland

Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Opole University of Technology 45 758 Opole Poland

Health Management Department Bingöl University Bingöl 12000 Turkey

Institute of Industrial Management Economics and Trade Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University 195251 St Petersburg Russia

Institute of Psychology University of Opole 45 052 Opole Poland

School of Management Universidad del Rosario Bogotá 111711 Colombia

The Center for Compassionate Mindful Education Tel Aviv 69106 Israel

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