Wood is one of the extensively used goods on the earth due to its large accessibility and usage in a wide range of human life. When woods are exposed to aquatic media, leachates are generated which may affect the quality of water and damage aquatic life into which they are discharged. This research seeks to evaluate the toxicity of linden (Tilia cordata), larch (Larix decidua) from the Czech Republic, cedrela (Cedrela odorata) and emire (Terminalia ivorensis) from Ghana wood leachates to two aquatic organisms (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Lemna minor). In algal and duckweed toxicity tests, these plants were exposed to different concentrations of wood leachate with nutrient medium creating concentration rates, 20, 30, 45, 67, and 100% v/v. High concentration of phenols and heavy metals may have contributed to toxicity. It was observed that the various wood leachates were inhibitory to the growth rate of algae and duckweed with emire exhibiting the highest toxicity with IC50 of 30.04% and 28.58% and larch the lowest toxicity with IC50 of 51.18% and 49.57% in relation to growth rate and chlorophyll respectively, hence indicating confirmed and potential toxicity of the various wood leachates to the aquatic organisms.

Department of Environmental Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 Praha 6 Dejvice 166 28 Prague Czech Republic

Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 263 165 02 Prague Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Andresen E, Küpper H (2013) Cadmium toxicity in plants. Met Ions Life Sci 11:395–413 DOI

Bailey HC, Elphick JR, Potter A, Chao E, Konasewich D, Zak JB (1999) Causes of toxicity in storm water runoff from sawmills. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:1485–1491 DOI

Barnette J, Jeronimidis G (2009) Wood quality and its biological basis. John Wiley and Sons, p 78

Baumann HA, Morrison L, Stengel DB (2009) Metal accumulation and toxicity measured by PAM-chlorophyll fluorescence in seven species of marine macroalgae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:1063–1075 DOI

Behar S, Montpelier VT (1997) Testing the waters: chemical and physical vital signs of a river by river watch network.

Bold HC (1949) The morphology of Chlamydomonas chlamydogama sp. nov. Bull Torrey Bot Club 76:101–108 DOI

Brian C (2010) Botany for gardeners, 3rd edn. Timber Press, p 178

Ceschin S, Bellini A, Scalici M (2021) Aquatic plants and ecotoxicological in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:4975–4988 DOI

Chubaka CE, Whiley H, Edwards JW, Ross KE (2018) Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium content of water from South Australian rainwater tanks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(7):1551 DOI

Clark RB (1982) Plant response to mineral element toxicity and deficiency. In: Christiansen MN, Lewis CF (eds) Breeding plants for less favorable environments. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 71–142

Dia O, Drogui P, Buelna G, Dubé R, Salah IB (2016) Coupling biofiltration process and electrocoagulation using magnesium-based anode for the treatment of landfill leachate. J Environ Manag 181:477–483 DOI

Droppa M, Horváth G (1990) The role of copper in photosynthesis. Crit Rev Plant Sci 9(2):111–123 DOI

Espinosa CI, Cabrera O, Luzuriaga A, Escudero A (2011) What factors affect diversity and species composition of endangered tumbesian dry forests in southern ecuador? Biotropica 43(1):15–22 DOI

Ghosh P, Thakur IS, Kaushi A (2017) Bioassays for toxicological risk assessment of landfill leachate: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 141:259–270 DOI

Gomes MP, Juneau P (2016) Oxidative stress in duckweed (Lemna minor L.) induced by glyphosate: is the mitochondrial electron transport chain a target of this herbicide? Environ Pollut 218:402–409 DOI

GraphPad Prism ver. 5.01 (2009) GraphPad software, Inc., La Jolla USA.

Hickey M, King C (2001) The Cambridge illustrated glossary of botanical terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Hussain A, Dubey SK, Kumar V (2015) Kinetic study for aerobic treatment of phenolic wastewater. Water Res Industr 11:81–90 DOI

International Organisation for Standardization (1993) Soil quality -- determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis -- gravimetric method. ISO 11465, Brussel

International Organisation for Standardization (2005) Water quality - determination of toxic effect of water constituents and waste to duckweed (Lemna minor) - duckweed growth inhibition test. ISO 20079, Brussels

International Organisation for Standardization (2012) Water quality – fresh water algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae. ISO 8692, Brussel

Jean-Pierre B, Hazard C, Mayer J (1996) Mémotech Bois et Matériaux Associés. Éditions Casteilla, Paris, p 22

Koenig R, Kuhns M (1996) Control of iron chlorosis in ornamental and crop plants. Utah State University, Salt Lake City, p 3

Latiffi NAA, Mohamed RMSR, Apandi NM, Tajuddin RM (2017) Preliminary assessment of growth rates on different concentration of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in industrial meat food processing wastewater. MATEC Web Conf 103:06010 DOI

Libralato G, Losso C, Volpi GA (2007) Toxicity of untreated wood leachates towards two salt water organisms (Crassostrea gigas and Artemia franciscana). J Hazard Mater 144:590–593 DOI

Libralato G, Avezzù F, Ghirardini AV (2011) Lignin and tannin toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin). J Hazard Mater 194:435–439 DOI

Mackenzie SM, Waite S, Metcalfe DJ, Joyce CB (2003) Landfill leachate ecotoxicity experiments using Lemna minor. Water Air Soil Pollut 3:171–179 DOI

Marsalek J, Rochfort Q, Brownlee B, Mayer T, Servos M (1999) An exploratory study of urban runoff toxicity. Water Sci Technol 39:33–39 DOI

Muradoglu F, Gundogdu M, Ercisli S, Encu T, Balt F, Jaafar HZ, Zia-Ul-Haq M (2015) Cadmium toxicity affects chlorophyll a and b content, antioxidant enzyme activities and mineral nutrient accumulation in strawberry. Biol Res 48(1):11 DOI

Nascimento MS, Santana ALBD, Maranhao LS, Bieber LS (2013) Phenolic extractives and natural resistance of wood. In: Biodegradation - Life of Science, pp 349–370

NIS Elements ver. 4.2 (2014) Laboratory imaging Prague, Czech Republic.

Njinga RL, Moyo MN, Abdulmaliq SY (2013) Analysis of essential elements for plants growth using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Int J Agron 156520:1–9 DOI

Pettersen RC (1984) U.S. Department of agriculture, forest service, forest products laboratory. American Chemical Society, Madison

Rajaram S (2016) The effects of light and nutrients on duckweed. In: Biometry Final Lab, pp 1–10

Rex FJ, Dube S, Kruskopf P, Berch S (2016) Investigating potential toxicity of leachate from wood chip piles generated by roadside biomass operations. MDPI J Forests 7:40 DOI

Samis SC, Liu SD, Wenick BG, Nassichuk MD (1999) Mitigation of fisheries impacts from the use and disposal of wood residue in British Columbia and the yukon. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2296. Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Environment Canada.

Shanker AK, Cervantes C, Loza-Tavera H, Avudainayagam S (2005) Chromium toxicity in plants. Environ Int 31:739–753 DOI

Singh SP, Singh P (2015) Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 50:431–444 DOI

Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158

Svensson H, Marques M, Kaczala F, Hogland W (2014) Leaching patterns from wood of different tree species and environmental implications related to wood storage areas. Water Environ J 28:277–283 DOI

Tao W, Hall KJ, Masbough A, Frankowski K, Duff JB (2005) Characterization of leachate from a wood waste pile. Water Qual Res J 40(4):476–483 DOI

Taylor BR, Goudey JS, Carmichael NB (1996) Toxicity of aspen wood leachate to aquatic life: laboratory studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 15(2):150–159 DOI

Touria E, Douglas AC (1998) Manganese toxicity in plants. J Plant Nutr 21(2):353–386 DOI

Wellburn AR (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol 144:307–313 DOI

Wendeou SPH, Aina MP, Crapper M, Adjovi E, Mama D (2013) Influence of salinity on duckweed growth and duckweed based wastewater treatment system. J Water Res Protec 5(10):993–999 DOI

Xing W, Huang W, Liu G (2010) Effect of excess iron and copper on physiology of aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Environ Toxicol 25(2):103–112