Efficient strategies to promote microvascularization in vascular tissue engineering, a central priority in regenerative medicine, are still scarce; nano- and micro-sized aggregates and spheres or beads harboring primitive microvascular beds are promising methods in vascular tissue engineering. Capillaries are the smallest type and in numerous blood vessels, which are distributed densely in cardiovascular system. To mimic this microvascular network, specific cell components and proangiogenic factors are required. Herein, advanced biofabrication methods in microvascular engineering, including extrusion-based and droplet-based bioprinting, Kenzan, and biogripper approaches, are deliberated with emphasis on the newest works in prevascular nano- and micro-sized aggregates and microspheres/microbeads.

Biomaterial Group Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran

Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Medicine Université de Montréal Montreal Canada

Centre for Materials Interfaces Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56 025 Pontedera Pisa Italy

Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Université de Montréal Montreal Canada

Department of Industrial Biotechnology National Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology Tehran Iran

Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology P O Box 11155 9161 Tehran Iran

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacky University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Research Centre Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal Montreal Canada

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